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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEM 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data.

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

Commission File No. 001-36847

Invitae Corporation
(Exact name of the registrant as specified in its charter)

458 Brannan Street, San Francisco, California 94107
(Address of principal executive offices, Zip Code)

(415) 374-7782
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

         Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

         Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

         Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o    No ý

         Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No ý

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý    No o

         Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

         Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o    No ý

         As of June 30, 2015, the aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $180.7 million, based on the closing price of the common stock as reported on The New York Stock Exchange for that date.

         The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of March 2, 2016 was 31,976,501.

   

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PART I

ITEM 1.    Business.

        This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements in this report other than statements of historical fact, including statements identified by words such as "believe," "may," "will," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "intend," "expect" and similar expressions, are forward- looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

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our views regarding the future of genetic testing and its role in mainstream medical practice;



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strategic plans for our business, products and technology, including our ability to expand our assay and develop new assays while maintaining attractive pricing, further enhance our genetic testing process and the related user experience, build interest in and demand for our tests and attract potential partners;



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the implementation of our business model;



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the rate and degree of market acceptance of our tests and genetic testing generally;



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our ability to scale our infrastructure and operations in a cost- effective manner;



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the timing of and our ability to introduce improvements to our genetic testing platform and to expand our assay to include additional genes;



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our expectations with respect to future hirings;



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the timing and results of studies with respect to our tests;



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developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry;



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the degree to which individuals will share genetic information generally, as well as share any related potential economic opportunities with us;



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our commercial plans, including our sales and marketing expectations;



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our ability to obtain and maintain adequate reimbursement for our tests;



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regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;



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our ability to retain key scientific or management personnel;



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our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection and not infringe on the rights of others;



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our expectations regarding the time during which we will be an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act;



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our ability to obtain funding for our operations;



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our financial performance; and



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our expectations regarding our future revenue, cost of revenue, operating expenses and capital expenditures, and our future capital requirements.

        Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed in Item 1A of this report. Although we believe that the expectations and assumptions reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking

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statements. Any forward-looking statements in this report speak only as of the date of this report. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update any forward-looking statements.

        This report contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports. These publications typically indicate that they have obtained their information from sources they believe to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of their information. Some data contained in this report is also based on our internal estimates. Although we have not independently verified the third-party data, we believe it to be reasonable.

        In this report, all references to "Invitae," "we," "us," "our," or "the company" mean Invitae Corporation.

        Invitae and the Invitae logo are trademarks of Invitae Corporation. We also refer to trademarks of other corporations and organizations in this report.

Overview

        Invitae's mission is to bring comprehensive genetic information into mainstream medical practice to improve the quality of healthcare for billions of people. Our goal is to aggregate most of the world's genetic tests into a single service with higher quality, faster turnaround time and lower pricing than many single gene tests today. We were founded on four core principles:

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Patients should own and control their own genetic information;



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Healthcare professionals are fundamental in ordering and interpreting genetic information;



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Driving down the price of genetic information will increase its clinical and personal utility; and



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Genetic information is more valuable when shared.

        As the price of DNA sequencing has declined, the amount of genetic information that can be generated per dollar has increased exponentially, enabling the generation, analysis and storage of more comprehensive genetic information than ever before. According to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man®, an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, there are more than 4,000 inherited genetic conditions for which the scientific and medical community has already identified specific genes and variants useful for diagnosis or treatment planning. By aggregating large numbers of currently available genetic tests into a single service, we can achieve great economies of scale that allow us not only to provide primary single gene or multi-gene tests but also to generate and store additional genetic information on behalf of the patient for future use. We refer to the service of managing genetic information over the course of disease or the lifetime of a patient as "genome management." In addition, as more individuals gain access to their genetic information, we believe that sharing genetic information will provide an economic opportunity for patients and us to participate in advancing the understanding and treatment of disease. We believe that our ongoing investment in building our infrastructure and attracting talent across a range of disciplines to generate, interpret and manage genetic information will position us to be a leader in the field of genetic testing and genome management.

        In the near term, we plan to focus on the immediate market for symptomatic disease with the goal to aggregate testing for large numbers of genetic diseases into a high quality, low cost service. We also plan on expanding into the health and wellness market, including carrier testing and newborn screening. As our market share grows we expect that our business will develop in three stages over the longer term:

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Genetic testing:  making genetic testing more affordable and more accessible with faster turnaround time than ever before. We believe that there is a significant market opportunity for high volume, low cost genetic testing that can allow us to serve a large number of clients.

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Genome management:  building a secure and trusted genome management infrastructure. By generating and storing large amounts of individualized genetic information for every patient sample, we believe we can create value over the course of disease or lifetime of a client.



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Genome network:  sharing genetic information on a global scale to advance science and medicine. We plan to help patients share their genetic information in a way that benefits them and us by acting as a permission-based broker on their behalf.

        The fundamental challenge of the first stage of our business (genetic testing) is to deliver sufficiently comprehensive and high quality genetic testing at a price that makes sense for broad healthcare adoption and reimbursement. We also are providing turnaround time of less than three weeks for the substantial majority of our tests, which in most cases is as good or better than other laboratories offering genetic testing. As such, we believe we are well positioned to address this challenge given our investment in infrastructure that will allow us to perform these complex tests in high volume at low cost while maintaining high quality and service levels. This infrastructure includes the scientific curation of individual genetic disorders, genes and variants—a rapidly advancing area of science. It also includes large-scale laboratory processes and information systems to store, analyze and manage the data; a knowledge database that allows us to aggregate the role genetic variations play in diseases and drug responses; and software tools to help generate reports for clinicians and their patients while reducing the time required by our genetic specialists for interpretation and report sign-out.

        We believe that the keys to our future success will be to steadily reduce the costs we incur in providing test results, which enables us to increase the amount of genetic content we offer in the form of an expanded test menu for the same or lower prices, thereby increasing demand and revenues. Therefore, we measured our success in 2015 with four key metrics:

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lowering cost of goods sold (COGS);



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increasing our content by expanding our test menu;



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increasing our volumes; and



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increasing our revenues and improving reimbursement.

        We launched our first commercial offering in November 2013 with an offering of more than 200 genes. In October 2015, we expanded our test menu with more than 600 genes in production, offering tests for more than 120 disorders in cardiovascular, hereditary cancer, neurology, pediatrics and other rare diseases. We have a transparent pricing structure, charging one price per indication regardless the number of genes. For third party payers that are out of contract, we charge $1,500 per sample; for payers and institutions that are in contract with us, the contracted price is as low as $950 per indication depending on administrative criteria; and for patients who pay upfront and set up an account with us, we charge $475. We introduced this multi-tiered pricing structure in June 2015.

        Our volume has grown rapidly. In 2015 we delivered approximately 19,000 billable tests, representing over 400% year-over-year annual growth, compared to the approximately 3,600 tests we delivered in 2014. We also received or "accessioned" more than 20,000 commercial samples in 2015, which is an important leading indicator for future volume. Substantiating a hypothesis that is fundamental to the success of our business model, we saw significant increases in our volume when we expanded our test menu, including meaningful growth in the non-cancer test portion of our market. We expect that will continue to be the case in 2016 as we plan to increase our menu to approximately 1,000 genes in production in the middle of the year and approximately 3,000 genes in production by the end of the year.

        Importantly, with the growth in volume and content, we have succeeded in driving down our COGS in a meaningful way. At the beginning of 2015, our COGS were approximately $1,200 per

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sample accessioned, and we brought down those costs to less than $700 per sample accessioned in the fourth quarter.

        In support of our efforts to reduce COGS, expand our test menu, and develop a scalable laboratory infrastructure, we incurred research and development expenses of $42.8 million, $22.1 million and $16.0 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

        The expansion of our test menu in 2015, and the resulting growth in testing volume, translated into rapid growth in revenue. In 2015 our revenue was $8.4 million, as compared to revenue of $1.6 million in 2014 representing over 400% year-over-year annual growth.

        We are headquartered in San Francisco, California, where we have offices and a CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratory. We also have offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Oakland, California; and Palo Alto, California. We have a multi- disciplinary team of approximately 280 people as of December 31, 2015, including bioinformaticians, clinical and medical geneticists, commercial and managed care experts, genetic counselors, scientists, software engineers, web developers, graphic designers and lab automation specialists, as well as administrative and corporate personnel. We believe that creating a strong team is a competitive advantage, and we strive to foster a motivating and unique culture in which our people can thrive.

The global opportunity for genetic testing

        We believe that genes are fundamental particles of modern medicine and that genetic testing has the potential to affect billions of people. Every individual has a unique genome, and we believe that comprehensive knowledge of this genetic makeup will be foundational to the future practice of medicine. We also believe that eventually many individuals in a modern healthcare system will have their genomes sequenced at birth or during the course of their lives, resulting in the potential for dramatic improvements in health and wellness and an overall reduction in healthcare costs through preventive care.

        Virtually everyone is carrying loss of function mutations in their genome, recessive genetic conditions that may affect their extended family or genetic mutations that may affect their response to various drugs or therapies. For example:

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approximately 5-10% of all cancers have a hereditary basis;



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approximately 0.4% of the population has a cardiac genetic condition that may lead to early onset cardiovascular disease;



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approximately 0.5-5.0% of the population has a factor V Leiden variant that increases the genetic risk for blood clots;



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approximately 2% of new births result in a complication involving a genetic condition;



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approximately 0.3% of the population will have an epileptic seizure during their lifetime;



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approximately 2.0% of the population has a genetic variant in one of 52 genes identified by the American College of Medical Genetics as important incidental findings that should be reported to patients in part because they are medically actionable; and



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approximately 2-5% of the population has a gene mutation that puts them at risk for a medically actionable condition.

        Furthermore, everyone is carrying mutations that can cause severe illness in a child if the child's other parent provides a mutation in the same gene.

        The global genetic testing market is growing rapidly. According to UnitedHealth Group, the U.S. genetic testing and molecular diagnostics market in 2010 was estimated to be approximately $5 billion,

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of which approximately 60%, or $3 billion, was genetic testing. As of December 2014, genetests.org estimated that there were more than 40,000 different genetic tests available from over 650 laboratories. These tests can identify a person's predisposition to a particular disease (predictive testing), detect whether a person has a disease (diagnostic testing), predict the potential effectiveness of a therapy or drug (pharmacogenetic testing), or assess risk of disease progression (prognostic testing). Based on UnitedHealth's estimates for the growth of the genetic testing and molecular diagnostics market and our assumption that genetic testing's share of this market will be held constant at approximately 60% between 2010 and 2021, we expect the U.S. genetic testing market to grow to at least $9 billion by 2021.

        While adoption of genetic testing has been increasing for certain medical applications, there remain a number of primary barriers limiting broader adoption. The cost of genetic testing has been prohibitively high for broad market adoption and use in routine medical practice. Under current pricing, payers generally restrict reimbursement of genetic testing to limited patient populations that meet specific criteria. In a survey by UnitedHealth, approximately 78% of clinicians identified cost of tests and reimbursement as a barrier to incorporating genetic tests in their practice. We believe advances in DNA sequencing, information technology and capacity for analysis and high-throughput data processing will be key drivers for reducing the cost of genetic testing in the future.

        Adoption of genetic testing also has been constrained by an inefficient testing process with long turnaround times. The growing availability of genetic tests that are specific to a single disease has created a serial retesting process—commonly referred to as a diagnostic odyssey—in cases where initial tests return negative results or where patients require testing for more than one condition. The retesting process is costly and time consuming, and it commonly fails to reach a conclusive clinical diagnosis. The challenges with sequential retesting are further exacerbated by long and unpredictable turnaround times. Currently, patients and providers can wait more than a month to receive each genetic testing result, which limits clinical applicability of genetic testing for patients who are in need of pressing follow-up treatment.

Our solution for genetic testing

        We are focused on making comprehensive, high quality genetic testing more affordable and more accessible than ever before, pursuing a large and rapidly growing market. We aim to do so for the majority of genetic tests, consolidating most of them into a single offering at a price below the typical prices of many single gene or multi-gene panels. We have learned that this value proposition resonates with clinicians and believe that we can help payers and the healthcare system significantly reduce their current testing expenditures.

Our products today

        We launched our first commercial offering in late November 2013, an assay of 216 genes, and began selling and marketing our multi-gene panels with a focused effort on hereditary cancers, including breast, colon and pancreatic cancer. We subsequently expanded our test menu in October 2015, putting more than 600 genes in production and offering test panels for more than 120 disorders in cardiovascular, hereditary cancer, neurology, pediatrics and other rare diseases,

        Unlike most diagnostic laboratories, we openly share our pricing structure with clinicians, patients and payers, and we charge one price per indication regardless the number of genes. For third party payers that are out of contract, we charge $1,500 per sample; for payers and institutions that are in contract with us, the contracted price is as low as $950 per indication depending on their administrative requirements; and for patients who pay upfront and set up an account with us, we charge $475. We introduced this multi-tiered pricing structure in June 2015. We also currently offer a free re-requisition of additional data within the same indication when ordered within 90 days of the date of service.

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Importantly, we are providing turnaround time of less than three weeks for the substantial majority of our tests.

        Today, our goal is to provide clinicians with the information they need to get the right diagnosis for their patients. We have a simple and powerful offering that is best characterized by:

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Breadth.  We offer comprehensive panels for more than 120 conditions in hereditary cancer, cardiology, neuromuscular, pediatric and rare diseases. We offer full gene sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis as a standard for all of our tests at no additional charge.



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Quality.  Collaborations with leading academic centers confirm analytical and clinical concordance with established standards. In addition, our team of genetic and medical experts have developed a proprietary score-based system enabling objective, reproducible reporting across a wide range of disease areas.



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Affordability.  We want to make genetic testing affordable and accessible. Our entire test menu is available starting at $475 per indication. By offering affordable testing, we are part of a movement to decrease healthcare costs while improving quality of care.

        Substantiating a hypothesis that is fundamental to the success of our business model, we saw significant increases in our volume when we released additional content, including meaningful growth in orders of non-cancer tests. We expect that will continue to be the case in 2016 as we plan to increase our menu to approximately 1,000 genes in production in mid-2016 and approximately 3,000 genes in production by the end of the year.

        In the cancer markets, we have expanded beyond our initial hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and now offer more comprehensive, high quality testing with more than 40 test panels, comprised of more than 70 carefully curated genes. Importantly, through our offering, we are able to detect structural genetic variations, including various inversions, segmental duplications, insertions, deletions and promoter region variants that are important for clinical grade inherited genetic testing without needing to increase the price of our tests.

        We have been increasing our non-cancer volume, as well. We now provide a comprehensive cardiology test menu with more than 30 test panels, representing more than 190 carefully curated genes. The expanded offering includes large combination panels for multiple conditions, including arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, aortopathies, familial hypercholesterolemia, pulmonary hypertension, and congenital heart disease.

        We have also expanded our neuromuscular test panels, comprising nearly 100 carefully curated genes for 15 major diagnostic indications including Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, dystonia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and hereditary spastic paraplegia. We also have expanded our pediatric and rare disorder test menu with more than 40 test panels, comprised of more than 140 carefully curated genes, for disorders including the RASopathies and primary ciliary dyskinesia.

        One of our goals is to significantly expand our neuromuscular, rare disease and pediatric offerings in early 2016, so we can further help the large number of people who suffer from these rare conditions. With our unique offering of a comprehensive test menu with high quality and affordable prices, we believe that the many hundreds of rare disease advocacy organizations, representing many hundreds of thousands of patients, will now have a partner in providing access to comprehensive, high quality, truly affordable genetic testing services. We have demonstrated that in our model, new content leads to more volume, which has the possibility of having a positive impact for our patients, providers and payers alike.

        We plan to streamline our marketing efforts in 2016 as well as expand our sales efforts with additional sales representatives. We plan to have approximately 30 sales representatives by mid-2016. Since our initial commercialization, we have marketed additional panels involved in multiple different genetic disorders, including cardiology, hematology, neurology and pediatric panels.

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Commercializing our genetic tests

        We have developed an offering that enables healthcare professionals to customize a test, receive rapid test results and pay a single price at requisition. Currently, we also offer a free re-requisition for the same indication within 90 days of the date of service. We believe that our efforts to lower prices and expand our test menu while maintaining high quality will allow us to accelerate market adoption of our genetic tests.

        Currently, we primarily target medical geneticists and genetic counselors, who we believe are early adopters and can influence broader clinical acceptance of new diagnostics, including multi-gene panels. We intend to expand our reach to include oncologists, neurologists, cardiologists and other healthcare professionals as we expand our offering and our commercial organization.

        In order to reach current and future potential clients, our strategy is designed to expand our brand awareness, increase the availability of genetic content, increase traffic to our website, deliver an excellent user experience and attract partners. By offering a compelling value proposition and a comprehensive menu of genetic content at competitive prices, we seek to increase the number of clients that order a test, to encourage repeat orders and to extend client retention.

        We employ a variety of commercial strategies to achieve these goals:

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Our model incorporates a smaller sales force than is typical for other diagnostic companies.  Because we are aggregating large numbers of genetic tests into a single service, our offering will in most cases replace an existing test already offered by a third party. Where our test is replacing an existing test already offered by a third party, clinical utility of the tests that our service might replace is generally well established and accepted in medical practice, thus requiring a targeted sales force that manages relationships with our clients with the support of our in-house client services team.



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We are building a sophisticated client services team.  We strive to deliver an enhanced customer experience and have hired a team with deep clinical and scientific expertise designed to ensure our clients receive quality information. To supplement our client services team, we provide our clients access to our lab directors and genetic counselors for support as needed. We believe that this approach will allow us to maintain existing client relationships, allowing our sales force to focus on generating new accounts and extending the reach within existing accounts.



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We use innovative sales solutions.  We have built an advanced web portal for healthcare professionals and their patients to enhance and streamline their user experience, which we believe will encourage them to become loyal clients of Invitae. We are also committed to utilizing innovative technology to complement our sales and marketing effort and reduce the overall cost of client acquisition. For example, our Invitae Family History Tool is a family history collection tool available in the Apple app store, which enables genetic counselors to quickly and easily build, modify, share and save their patients' family histories. This tool also helps drive awareness of Invitae and helps to facilitate online ordering. We plan to continue to build innovative sales solutions capitalizing on the expertise of our extensive team of software developers.



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We employ an integrated marketing approach.  Our marketing strategy is focused on driving adoption and educating healthcare professionals on the value of multi-gene panel testing for hereditary cancers, cardiac conditions and other genetic diseases. We work closely with national and regional patient advocacy groups and medical professional societies to promote the awareness and benefits of genetic testing. Our marketing activities include presenting at medical conferences and scientific meetings, advertising on leading websites and other media, contributing to social media, conducting public relations campaigns, developing business alliances and partnerships and sponsoring continuing medical education.

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Securing reimbursement

        By focusing on comprehensive, high quality and affordable genetic testing, we designed our service offering to provide benefits to payers. Because we are aggregating large numbers of genetic tests into a single service, our near-term offering will in most cases replace an existing test already offered by a third party. In these cases, the clinical utility of our service is generally well established and accepted in medical practice, including in relevant clinical guidelines.

        We receive payment for our services from three categories of payers: patients, institutions and third-party payers. Given the relatively low cost of our tests, a small but consistent percentage of patients whose clinicians order our tests elect to pay for the tests themselves. Institutions, which are typically hospitals or foreign healthcare providers, account for a meaningful percentage of our test orders. We bill these organizations for our services, and they are responsible for paying those bills and seeking reimbursement where applicable. In the case of distributors, we may discount our price in exchange for marketing and sales services provided by the distributor in the geographic market where it operates.

        Third-party payers are responsible for paying for the largest percentage of tests we deliver. These third-party payers consist of private health insurers and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS. We believe that establishing coverage from CMS will be an important factor in gaining adoption by healthcare providers. We have been accepted as a Medicare provider and have recently submitted the data package that we believe is required to complete Medicare's MolDx technical assessment, which is the final step in obtaining payment from CMS for qualified testing services provided to Medicare patients under CMS criteria. We believe that completing this technical assessment and establishing coverage from CMS will be an important factor in gaining adoption by private healthcare providers.

        Further, as of December 31, 2015, we had entered into reimbursement contracts with Blue Shield of California, Capital Health Plan, Ohio State University Health Plan, SelectHealth, Three Rivers Provider Network, Tufts Health Plan, and UC Davis Health System. We have also entered into an agreement with Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association which facilitates our ability to enter into agreements to provide our tests to affiliates of the Association. We also have an agreement with MultiPlan, a large PPO Network, which provides for adjudication and payment of claims for tests we deliver to members of their network in cases where we have not yet contracted with the payers in whose plans the test patients are members.

        Third-party payers, including both private insurers and CMS, require us to identify the test for which we are seeking reimbursement using a Current Procedural Terminology, or CPT, code set maintained by the American Medical Association, or AMA. Where we offer a multi-gene panel and there is no CPT code for the full panel, but the panel includes a gene for which the AMA has an established CPT code, we identify the test provided under that CPT code when billing a third party payer for that test. In cases where there is not a specific CPT code, our test may be billed under a miscellaneous code for an unlisted molecular pathology procedure. Because this miscellaneous code does not describe a specific service, the insurance claim must be examined to determine what service was provided, whether the service was appropriate and medically necessary, and whether payment should be rendered. This may require a letter of medical necessity from the ordering physician and it may result in a delay in processing the claim, a lower reimbursement amount or denial of the claim. Given the changing CPT coding environment, our practices regarding billing may change over time.

Supporting clinical data

        We do not typically develop new biomarkers but rather aggregate already known genetic tests into our genetic testing platform. However, generating supporting clinical data is a priority for us as we seek to expand the gene content and adoption of our panels and provide supporting information to

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healthcare professionals. We conduct clinical studies to confirm the analytical validity and, when appropriate, clinical utility of our genetic testing platform. These data are used in marketing materials, whitepapers, scientific presentations and publications as appropriate.

        Some panels we offer interrogate known genes that may be used in a novel clinical context, for example, the testing of genes that are known to cause certain cancers but have not been reported in other types of cancer. In these cases additional clinical utility data may influence both adoption and reimbursement. We thus also participate in studies to examine issues such as prevalence of genetic findings in different clinical populations and clinical actionability of these findings. We have developed research collaborations with key opinion leaders and leading academic medical centers with patient-care expertise and the appropriate patient populations for clinical studies.

        One of our most important collaborations was with the Stanford University School of Medicine and Massachusetts General Hospital. Multi-gene panels for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer risk assessment are gaining acceptance, not only as additions to but also as replacements for traditional BRCA1 and BRACA2 testing. To help determine which tests are appropriate for any given patient, it is important to understand the analytic and clinical performance of these tests by comparison with traditional testing. This study was designed to assess concordance between our panel test to traditional BRCA1 and BRCA2 tests in more than 1,000 patients.

        The data from the prospective study demonstrated 100% analytic sensitivity and specificity for the Invitae panel compared to traditional genetic test results for both sequence alterations and deletions/duplications. Variant classifications were 99.8% concordant. A total of 1,105 individuals were tested using Invitae's 29-gene hereditary cancer panel. Sequence alterations and copy number deletions/duplications were determined by next generation sequencing using our custom biochemical and bioinformatics methodologies. For these 1,105 individuals, high-quality reference and confirmatory data were available for direct comparison. Variants were classified using a framework, called Sherloc, based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics 2015 guidelines using only publicly available and not proprietary data resources. Classifications were compared for 975 individuals for whom traditional BRCA1 and BRACA2 test results from Myriad Genetics were available. Data from this collaboration were published in the Journal of Molecular Diagnostics in July 2015.

        In another collaboration, we worked with researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Stanford University, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to determine the clinical actionability of multi-gene testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, also known as HBOC, risk. Genetic testing for HBOC is evolving rapidly, owing to the recent introduction of multi-gene panels. Compared with testing for BRCA1 and BRACA2 alone, these tests identify a greater number of individuals with genetic mutations. This study addresses how often and in which ways the identification of non-BRCA1 and non-BRACA2 mutations would alter clinical management under current practice guidelines.

        In this study, more than 1,000 patients were prospectively enrolled. All patients met clinical criteria for HBOC evaluation and all were tested for BRCA1 and BRACA2 and at least 23 other cancer risk genes. For the 63 patients found to have non-BRCA1 and non-BRACA2mutations, detailed clinical records and family histories were reviewed. We determined whether the positive test result would warrant consideration of a change in management in comparison with management recommendations based on personal and family history alone. These analyses were based on the most recent update to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for HBOC and other applicable current guidelines.

        In a clinically representative cohort, we found that multi-gene panel testing for HBOC yields clinically actionable findings across a broad spectrum of cancer risk genes. Compared with the results of BRCA1 and BRACA2 testing alone, these findings are likely to change risk assessment and management for substantially more patients and their family members under current practice

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guidelines. The results of this research, published in JAMA Oncology in August 2015, show that positive panel test results warrant consideration of a change in management for the patient more often than is true for BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing alone.

        Clinical data from our various research and development efforts have been accepted for presentation at major conferences, including those sponsored by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Association for Molecular Pathology, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Society of Human Genetics, and the National Society of Genetic Counselors, among others. Additional data have been submitted for publication and new studies in complementary clinical areas are in process.

Expanding genetic testing content while driving down COGS

        Aggregating multiple genetic tests into one test menu and one laboratory and medical interpretation process provides economies of scale and greater efficiency. We are focused on delivering a wide variety of genetic content through our CLIA-certified laboratory, and plan to release an increasing menu of content over time. By providing large numbers of different but related tests, such as multiple genes associated with a broad genetic condition like hereditary cancer or cardiovascular disorders, we provide clinicians with choice and flexibility in ordering tests for individual genes, panels of genes or custom sets of genes at the physician's discretion. In addition, by adding genes relevant to new diseases, we are able to expand our offering to address new markets for genetic testing services.

        In 2015, we reduced our COGS from approximately $1,200 at the beginning of the year to under $700 per sample accessioned at the end of the year. This came both as a result of volume growth and from our continued investment in production infrastructure to scale effectively, reducing costs in sample processing and medical interpretation while meeting what we believe to be the highest standards of quality. We plan to continue driving down COGS in 2016 to below $500 by the end of the year. Given our ambitious content goals for the year, we do not expect this to be a linear path, but given our lineup of improvements to our production process, we expect to exit 2016 at this level or below.

The evolution of our business

        We believe there is a substantial opportunity for genetic tests and information to be aggregated and then ultimately captured in comprehensive genome management services. We envision that this shift will enable the medical community to use genetic information on an ongoing basis, as part of mainstream medical practice, to improve patient care.

Genome management

        We are building a genome data management infrastructure to provide clinicians and their patients with an ongoing resource for pertinent genetic information over the course of disease or life of a patient. In the future we plan to work with clinicians to establish a system where this genetic information is linked at the point of care for appropriate use as needs arise.

        As the amount of information available for each patient expands, we envision a genome management program to provide clinicians and their patients with access to that additional information to answer healthcare questions as they arise. We expect to make additional genetic content accessible to clinicians and their patients along with educational materials on the conditions, genes and variants. Because the raw DNA sequence information has already been derived from our laboratory processes, the cost of delivering an additional clinical report will involve only information management and clinical interpretation, and as a consequence will be significantly lower than running a new test.

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        Ultimately, we believe we can significantly improve patient care by offering comprehensive genetic testing, where reports for large numbers of genetic conditions can be available for additional charges over the lifetime of a patient.

The genome network

        As our genetic testing and genome management offerings grow in scale, we intend to continue to invest in informatics solutions that enable sharing of genetic information to improve healthcare and clinical outcomes. Participants in our genome network may include patients, family members, healthcare professionals, payers, industry professionals, researchers and clinical trial sponsors.

        The first application of our network strategy is our Invitae Family History Tool, which is available as a free web or iPad application. This application enables users to quickly and easily build, modify, share and save relevant family genetic and health history information. All data is stored in a HIPAA-compliant cloud computing environment. A second part of our network strategy is Clinvitae, a web property that allows clinicians or patients to look up individual genes and variants in order to find out additional genetic information. In the future, we plan to add functionality to allow patients and clinicians to share more information about their variants and connect with other patients or clinicians who might be able to contribute additional information that could affect their health and wellness. Pharmaceutical companies may seek to identify individuals with a particular genetic profile and medical history to participate in clinical trials of new treatments. Patients may be interested in accessing marketing information on healthcare products appropriate for their healthcare needs.

        We do not believe that the genome network will contribute to our financial results for several years. The success of any network offering will depend on our ability to achieve scale in our genetic testing and genome management businesses. The success of the genome network will also require that we deliver infrastructure to enable the market for the permission-based sharing of genomic data in a way that is consistent with our core principles regarding patients' ownership and control of their data.

Our strategy

        Our strategy for long-term growth is focused on five key drivers of our business, which we believe cumulate to create a flywheel effect:

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Lower the cost and price of genetic information.  Our goal is to provide clients with a broad menu of genetic content at a reasonable price and rapid turn-around time in order to grow volume and further achieve economies of scale. As we do so and experience further cost savings,

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we expect that those cost savings will allow us to deliver more comprehensive information at decreasing prices per gene.

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Expand our genetic testing content.  As we reduce our costs, we intend to continue to expand our test menus by steadily releasing additional genetic content for the same or lower prices per test, ultimately leading to affordable whole genome services. The breadth and flexibility of our offering is intended to contribute to an improved user experience.



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Create a unique user experience.  A state-of-the- art interactive platform will enhance our service offering, leverage the uniquely empowering characteristics of online sharing of genetic information and, we believe, enable a superior economic offering to clients. We intend to continue to expend substantial efforts developing, acquiring and implementing technology-driven enhancements to our web properties and transaction-processing systems. We believe that an enhanced user experience and the resulting benefits to our brand and reputation will help draw clients to us.



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Drive traffic.  We intend to increase our brand equity and visibility through excellent service and a variety of marketing and promotional techniques, including scientific publication and presentation, sales, marketing, public relations, social media and web technology vehicles. We expect that increased traffic to our website and eventual increases in the volume of tests ordered will help us to attract partners and increase our revenue.



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Attract partners.  As we release additional genetic content and attract more clients, we believe our business becomes particularly attractive to potential partners that can help the patients in our network further benefit from their genetic information or that provide us access to new clients who may wish to join our network. The cumulative effect of the increased volume brought by all of these strategic components will allow us to lower the cost of our service.

        We seek to differentiate our service in the market by establishing an exceptional client experience. To that end, we believe that elevating the needs of the client over those of our other stakeholders is essential to our success. Thus, in our decision-making processes, we will strive to prioritize, in order: (1) the needs of our clients; (2) motivating our employees to serve our clients; and (3) our long-term stockholder value. We believe that focusing on clients as our top priority rather than short-term financial goals is the best way to build and operate an organization for maximum long-term value creation.

Competition

        Our competitors include companies that offer molecular genetic testing services, including specialty and reference laboratories that offer traditional single and multi-gene tests. Principal competitors include companies such as Ambry Genetics, Inc.; Athena Diagnostics; Counsyl; GeneDx, a subsidiary of OPKO Health, Inc.; Myriad Genetics, Inc.; Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings; and Quest Diagnostics Incorporated as well as other commercial and academic labs. In addition to the companies that currently offer traditional genetic testing services and research centers, other established and emerging healthcare, information technology and service companies may commercialize competitive products including informatics, analysis, integrated genetic tools and services for health and wellness.

        We believe the principal competitive factors in our market are:

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breadth and depth of content;



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reliability;



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accessibility of results;



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turnaround time of testing results;

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price and quality of tests;



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coverage and reimbursement arrangements with third-party payers;



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convenience of testing;



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brand recognition of test provider;



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additional value-added services and informatics tools;



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client service; and



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quality of website content.

        We believe that we compare favorably with our competitors on the basis of these factors. However, many of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and market penetration, substantially greater financial, technological and research and development resources and selling and marketing capabilities, more experience dealing with third-party payers. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their tests than we do, or sell their tests at prices designed to win significant levels of market share. We may not be able to compete effectively against these organizations.

Regulation

Reimbursement

        In September 2014, the American Medical Association published new CPT codes for genomic sequencing procedures that are effective for dates of service on or after January 1, 2015. These include genomic sequencing procedure codes for panels, including hereditary colon cancer syndromes, targeted genomic sequence analysis panels for solid organ neoplasms, targeted genomic sequence analysis panels for hematolymphoid neoplasm or disorders, whole exome analyses, and whole genome analyses. In a final determination under the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, published in November 2014, CMS set the 2015 payment rate for these codes by the gap-fill process. Under the gap-fill process, local Medicare Administrative Contractors, or MACs, establish rates for those codes that each MAC believes meet the criteria for Medicare coverage and considering laboratory charges and discounts to charges, resources, amounts paid by other payers for the tests, and amounts paid by the MAC for similar tests. In 2015, gapfilled payment rates were established for some, but not all, of the above-referenced codes. For those codes for which local gap-filled rates were established in 2015, a national limitation amount for Medicare has been established for 2016. Codes for which local gap-filled rates were not established in 2015 will be priced by the local MACs in 2016 insofar as an individual MAC determines that such codes should be covered. Where available, the national limitation amount serves as a cap on the Medicare and Medicaid payment rates for a test procedure. If we are required to report our tests under these codes, there can be no guarantees that Medicare (or its contractors) has or will set adequate reimbursement rates for these codes.

        In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, or PAMA, which included substantial changes to the way in which clinical laboratory services will be paid under Medicare. Under PAMA, laboratories that receive the majority of their Medicare revenue from payments made under the CLFS or the Physician Fee Schedule would report, beginning in 2016, and then every three years thereafter (or annually for "advanced diagnostic laboratory tests"), private payer payment rates and volumes for their tests. We do not believe that our tests meet the current definition of advanced diagnostic laboratory tests, and therefore believe we will be required to report private payer rates for our tests on an every three years basis. CMS will use the rates and volumes reported by laboratories to develop Medicare payment rates for the tests equal to the volume-weighted median of the private payer payment rates for the tests. Laboratories that fail to report the required payment information may be subject to substantial civil money penalties. CMS has not yet issued a final rule implementing the reporting and rate-setting requirements under PAMA.

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        As set forth under PAMA, for tests furnished on or after January 1, 2017, Medicare payments for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests will be paid based upon these reported private payer rates. For clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are assigned a new or substantially revised code, initial payment rates for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are not advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be assigned by the cross-walk or gap-fill methodology, as under prior law. Initial payment rates for new advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be based on the actual list charge for the laboratory test.

        The payment rates calculated under PAMA are set to be effective starting January 1, 2017, however, given the delay in release of rulemaking to implement PAMA, it is possible that implementation will be delayed beyond January 1, 2017. Any reductions to payment rates resulting from the new methodology are limited to 10% per test per year in each of the years 2017 through 2019 and to 15% per test per year in each of 2020 through 2022.

        PAMA codified Medicare coverage rules for laboratory tests by requiring any local coverage determination to be made following the local coverage determination process. PAMA also authorizes CMS to consolidate coverage policies for clinical laboratory tests among one to four laboratory-specific MACs. These same contractors may also be designated to process claims if CMS determines that such a model is appropriate. It is unclear whether CMS will proceed with contractor consolidation under this authorization.

        PAMA also authorized the adoption of new, temporary billing codes and/or unique test identifiers for FDA-cleared or approved tests as well as advanced diagnostic laboratory tests. The American Medical Association's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) Editorial Panel has approved a proposal to create a new section of billing codes to facilitate implementation of this section of PAMA. At this time, it is unclear whether or when the new section of billing codes will be implemented nor is it clear how these codes would apply to our tests.

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA

        Our clinical reference laboratory in California is required to hold certain federal certificates to conduct our business. Under CLIA, we are required to hold a certificate applicable to the type of laboratory examinations we perform and to comply with standards covering personnel, facilities administration, inspections, quality control, quality assurance and proficiency testing.

        We have current certification under CLIA to perform testing at our laboratory location in San Francisco. To renew our CLIA certification, we are subject to survey and inspection every two years to assess compliance with program standards. Moreover, CLIA inspectors may make random inspections of our clinical reference laboratory in California. The regulatory and compliance standards applicable to the testing we perform may change over time, and any such changes could have a material effect on our business.

        If our clinical reference laboratory is out of compliance with CLIA requirements, we may be subject to sanctions such as suspension, limitation or revocation of our CLIA certificate, as well as directed plan of correction, state on-site monitoring, civil money penalties, civil injunctive suit or criminal penalties. We must maintain CLIA compliance and certification to be eligible to bill for diagnostic services provided to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. If we were to be found out of compliance with CLIA requirements and subjected to sanction, our business could be harmed.

State laboratory licensure

        We are required to maintain a license to conduct testing in California. California laws establish standards for day-to-day operations of our laboratory in San Francisco. California laws mandate proficiency testing, which involves testing of specimens that have been specifically prepared for the laboratory. If our clinical reference laboratory is out of compliance with California standards, the

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California Department of Health Services, or DHS, may suspend, restrict or revoke our license to operate our clinical reference laboratory, assess substantial civil money penalties, or impose specific corrective action plans. Any such actions could materially affect our business. We maintain a current license in good standing with DHS. However, we cannot provide assurance that DHS will at all times in the future find us to be in compliance with all such laws.

        Several states require the licensure of out-of-state laboratories that accept specimens from those states and/or receive specimens from laboratories in those states. Our laboratory holds the required out-of-state laboratory licenses for Florida, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.

        In addition to having a laboratory license in New York, our clinical reference laboratory in California is also required to obtain approval on a test-specific basis by the New York State Department of Health, or NYDOH, before specific testing is performed on samples from New York. Because our genomic sequencing panels are not approved by New York, we are currently prohibited from performing genomic sequencing panels on samples from New York.

        Other states may adopt similar licensure requirements in the future, which may require us to modify, delay or stop our operations in such jurisdictions. Complying with licensure requirements in new jurisdictions may be expensive, time-consuming, and subject us to significant and unanticipated delays. If we identify any other state with such requirements, or if we are contacted by any other state advising us of such requirements, we intend to follow instructions from the state regulators as to how we should comply with such requirements.

        We may also be subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions as we seek to expand international utilization of our tests or such jurisdictions adopt new licensure requirements, which may require review of our tests in order to offer them or may have other limitations such as restrictions on the transport of human blood necessary for us to perform our tests that may limit our ability to make our tests available outside of the United States.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA

        We provide our tests as laboratory-developed tests, or LDTs. CMS and certain state agencies regulate the performance of LDTs (as authorized by CLIA and state law, respectively).

        Historically, the FDA, has exercised enforcement discretion with respect to most LDTs and has not required laboratories that furnish LDTs to comply with the agency's requirements for medical devices (e.g., establishment registration, device listing, quality systems regulations, premarket clearance or premarket approval, and post- market controls). In recent years, however, the FDA has stated it intends to end its policy of general enforcement discretion and regulate certain LDTs as medical devices. To this end, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents, entitled "Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs)" and "FDA Notification and Medical Device Reporting for Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs)", respectively, that set forth a proposed risk-based regulatory framework that would apply varying levels of FDA oversight to LDTs. The FDA has indicated that it does not intend to modify its policy of enforcement discretion until the draft guidance documents are finalized. It is unclear at this time when, or if, the draft guidance documents will be finalized, and even then, the new regulatory requirements are proposed to be phased-in consistent with the schedule set forth in the guidance (in as little as 12 months after the draft guidance is finalized for certain high-priority LDTs). Nevertheless, the FDA may decide to regulate certain LDTs on a case-by-case basis at any time.

        Legislative proposals addressing the FDA's oversight of LDTs have been introduced in previous Congresses, and we expect that new legislative proposals will be introduced from time-to-time. The likelihood that Congress will pass such legislation and the extent to which such legislation may affect the FDA's plans to regulate certain LDTs as medical devices is difficult to predict at this time.

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        If the FDA ultimately regulates certain LDTs as medical devices, whether via final guidance, final regulation, or as instructed by Congress, our tests may be subject to certain additional regulatory requirements. Complying with the FDA's requirements for medical devices can be expensive, time-consuming, and subject us to significant or unanticipated delays. Insofar as we may be required to obtain premarket clearance or approval to perform or continue performing an LDT, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such authorization. Even if we obtain regulatory clearance or approval where required, such authorization may not be for the intended uses that we believe are commercially attractive or are critical to the commercial success of our tests. As a result, the application of the FDA's medical device requirements to our tests could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

        Failure to comply with applicable FDA regulatory requirements may trigger a range of enforcement actions by the FDA including warning letters, civil monetary penalties, injunctions, criminal prosecution, recall or seizure, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of operations, and denial of or challenges to applications for clearance or approval, as well as significant adverse publicity.

        In addition, in November 2013, the FDA issued final guidance regarding the distribution of products labeled for research use only. Certain of the reagents and other products we use in our tests are labeled as research use only products. Certain of our suppliers may cease selling research use only products to us and any failure to obtain an acceptable substitute could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

HIPAA and HITECH

        Under the administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issued regulations that establish uniform standards governing the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and requirements for protecting the privacy and security of protected health information used or disclosed by most healthcare providers and other covered entities and their respective business associates, including the business associates' subcontractors. Four principal regulations with which we are required to comply have been issued in final form under HIPAA and HITECH: privacy regulations, security regulations, the breach notification rule, and standards for electronic transactions, which establish standards for common healthcare transactions.

        The privacy regulations cover the use and disclosure of protected health information by covered entities as well as business associates, which are defined to include subcontractors that create, receive, maintain, or transmit protected health information on behalf of a business associate. A subcontractor means any person to whom a business associate delegates a function, activity, or service, other than in the capacity of the business associate's workforce. As a general rule, a covered entity or business associate may not use or disclose protected health information except as permitted under the privacy regulations. The privacy regulations also set forth certain rights that an individual has with respect to his or her protected health information maintained by a covered entity or business associate, including the right to access or amend certain records containing his or her protected health information, or to request restrictions on the use or disclosure of his or her protected health information.

        Covered entities and business associates also must comply with the security regulations, which establish requirements for safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of protected health information that is electronically transmitted or electronically stored. In addition, HITECH established, among other things, certain breach notification requirements with which covered entities and business associates must comply. In particular, a covered entity must notify any individual whose unsecured protected health information is breached according to the specifications set forth in the breach

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notification rule. A covered entity must also notify the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and, under certain circumstances, the media.

        The HIPAA privacy, security, and breach notification regulations establish a uniform federal "floor" and do not supersede state laws that are more stringent or provide individuals with greater rights with respect to the privacy or security of, and access to, their records containing protected health information or insofar as such state laws apply to personal information that is broader in scope than protected health information as defined under HIPAA. Massachusetts, for example, has a state law that protects the privacy and security of personal information of Massachusetts residents.

        There are significant civil and criminal fines and other penalties that may be imposed for violating HIPAA. A covered entity or business associate is also liable for civil money penalties for a violation that is based on an act or omission of any of its agents, including a downstream business associate, as determined according to the federal common law of agency. Additionally, to the extent that we submit electronic healthcare claims and payment transactions that do not comply with the electronic data transmission standards established under HIPAA and HITECH, payments to us may be delayed or denied.

Federal, state and foreign fraud and abuse laws

        In the United States, there are various fraud and abuse laws with which we must comply, and we are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities, including CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the U.S. Department of Justice, and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments. We also may be subject to foreign fraud and abuse laws.

        In the United States, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in order to induce or in return for the referral of an individual for the furnishing of or arranging for the furnishing of, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending purchasing, leasing or ordering of any good, facility, service or item for which payment may be made in whole or in part by a federal healthcare program. Courts have stated that a financial arrangement may violate the Anti-Kickback Statute if any one purpose of the arrangement is to encourage patient referrals or other federal healthcare program business, regardless of whether there are other legitimate purposes for the arrangement. The definition of "remuneration" has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including gifts, discounts, credit arrangements, payments of cash, consulting fees, waivers of co-payments, ownership interests, and providing anything at less than its fair market value. Although the Anti-Kickback Statute contains several exceptions, it is broad and may technically prohibit many innocuous or beneficial arrangements within the healthcare industry. Further, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issued a series of regulatory "safe harbors." These safe harbor regulations set forth certain provisions, which, if met, will assure healthcare providers and other parties that they will not be prosecuted under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Although full compliance with the statutory exceptions or regulatory safe harbors ensures against prosecution under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the failure of a transaction or arrangement to fit within a specific statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not necessarily mean that the transaction or arrangement is illegal or that prosecution under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute will be pursued. Penalties for federal anti-kickback violations are severe, and include imprisonment, criminal fines, civil money penalties, and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Many states also have anti-kickback statutes, some of which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers.

        There are also federal laws related to healthcare fraud and false statements, among others, relating to healthcare matters. The healthcare fraud statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and

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willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private payers. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from governmental payer programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact, or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from governmental payer programs.

        Another development affecting the healthcare industry is the increased enforcement of the federal False Claims Act and, in particular, actions brought pursuant to the False Claims Act's "whistleblower" or "qui tam" provisions. The False Claims Act imposes liability on any person or entity that, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment by a federal governmental payer program. The qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act allow a private individual to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging that the defendant has defrauded the federal government by submitting a false claim to the federal government and permit such individuals to share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. When an entity is determined to have violated the False Claims Act, it may be required to pay up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus civil penalties ranging from $5,500 to $11,000 for each false claim.

        In addition, various states have enacted false claim laws analogous to the federal False Claims Act, although many of these state laws apply where a claim is submitted to any third-party payer and not merely a governmental payer program.

        Additionally, the civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or for a claim that is false or fraudulent. This law also prohibits the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know it is likely to influence the beneficiary's selection of a particular provider, practitioner, or supplier for items or services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program, unless an exception applies.

        In Europe various countries have adopted anti-bribery laws providing for severe consequences, in the form of criminal penalties and/or significant fines, for individuals and/or companies committing a bribery offence. Violations of these anti-bribery laws, or allegations of such violations, could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and reputation. For instance, in the United Kingdom, under the Bribery Act 2010, which went into effect in July 2011, a bribery occurs when a person offers, gives or promises to give a financial or other advantage to induce or reward another individual to improperly perform certain functions or activities, including any function of a public nature. Bribery of foreign public officials also falls within the scope of the Bribery Act 2010. Under the new regime, an individual found in violation of the Bribery Act 2010, faces imprisonment of up to 10 years. In addition, the individual can be subject to an unlimited fine, as can commercial organizations for failure to prevent bribery.

Physician referral prohibitions

        UA federal law directed at "self-referrals," commonly known as the "Stark Law," prohibits a physician from making referrals for certain designated health services, including laboratory services, to an entity with which the physician, or an immediate family member, has a direct or indirect financial relationship, unless an exception applies. The prohibition also extends to payment for any services referred in violation of the Stark Law. A physician or entity that engages in a scheme to circumvent the Stark Law's referral prohibition may be fined up to $100,000 for each such arrangement or scheme. In

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addition, any person who presents or causes to be presented a claim to the Medicare program in violation of the Stark Law is subject to civil monetary penalties of up to $15,000 per service, an assessment of up to three times the amount claimed and possible exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. Bills submitted in violation of the Stark Law may not be paid by Medicare, and any person collecting any amounts with respect to any such prohibited bill is obligated to refund such amounts. Many states have comparable laws that are not limited to Medicare referrals. The Stark Law also prohibits state receipt of Federal Medicaid matching funds for services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral, but this provision of the Stark Law has not been implemented by regulations. In addition, some courts have held that the submission of claims to Medicaid that would be prohibited as self-referrals under the Stark Law for Medicare could implicate the False Claims Act.

Corporate practice of medicine

        Numerous states have enacted laws prohibiting business corporations, such as us, from practicing medicine and employing or engaging clinicians to practice medicine, generally referred to as the prohibition against the corporate practice of medicine. These laws are designed to prevent interference in the medical decision-making process by anyone who is not a licensed physician. For example, California's Medical Board has indicated that determining what diagnostic tests are appropriate for a particular condition and taking responsibility for the ultimate overall care of the patient, including providing treatment options available to the patient, would constitute the unlicensed practice of medicine if performed by an unlicensed person. Violation of these corporate practice of medicine laws may result in civil or criminal fines, as well as sanctions imposed against us and/or the professional through licensure proceedings. Typically such laws are only applicable to entities that have a physical presence in the state.

Intellectual property

        We rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, customary contractual protections and, to a lesser extent, patents, to protect our core technology and intellectual property. With respect to patents, we believe that the practice of patenting individual genes, along with patenting tools and methods specific to individual genes, has impeded the progress of the genetic testing industry beyond single gene tests and is antithetical to our core principle that patients should own and control their own genomic information. Over the past three years the U.S. Supreme Court has issued a series of unanimous (9-0) decisions setting forth limits on the patentability of natural phenomena, natural laws, abstract ideas and their applications—i.e., Mayo Collaborative v. Prometheus Laboratories (2012), or Mayo, Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013), or Myriad, and Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank (2014), or Alice. As discussed below, we believe the Mayo, Myriad and Alice decisions bring clarity to the limits to which patents may cover specific genes, mutations of such genes, or gene-specific technology for determining a patient's genomic information.

Patents

        Recent U.S. Supreme Court cases have clarified that naturally occurring DNA sequences are natural phenomena which should not be patentable. On June 13, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Myriad, a case challenging the validity of patent claims held by Myriad relating to the cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. The Myriad Court held that genomic DNAs that have been isolated from, or have the same sequence as, naturally occurring samples, such as the DNA constituting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or fragments thereof, are not eligible for patent protection. Instead, the Myriad Court held that only those complementary DNAs (cDNAs) which have a sequence that differs from a naturally occurring fragment of genomic DNA may be patent eligible. Because it will be applied by other courts to all gene patents, the holding in Myriad also invalidates patent claims to other genes and

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gene variants. Prior to Myriad, on August 16, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had held that certain patent claims of Myriad directed to methods of comparing or analyzing BRCA1 and BRCA2 sequences to determine whether or not a person has a variant or mutation are unpatentable abstract processes, and Myriad did not appeal such ruling.

        We do not currently have any patents or patent applications directed to the sequences of specific genes or variants of such genes, nor have we in-licensed such patents rights of any third party. We believe that correlations between specific gene variants and a person's susceptibility to certain conditions or diseases are natural laws that are not patentable under the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Mayo. The Mayo case involved patent claims directed to optimizing, on a patient-specific basis, the dosage of a certain drug by measuring its metabolites in a patient. The Mayo Court determined that patent claims directed at detection of natural correlations, such as the correlation between drug metabolite levels in a patient and that drug's optimal dosage for such patient, are not eligible for patent protection. The Mayo Court held that claims based on this type of comparison between an observed fact and an understanding of that fact's implications represent attempts to patent a natural law and, moreover, when the processes for making the comparison are not themselves sufficiently inventive, claims to such processes are similarly patent-ineligible. On June 19, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Alice, where it amplified its Mayo and Myriad decisions and clarified the analytical framework for distinguishing between patents that claim laws of nature, natural phenomena and abstract ideas and those that claim patent-eligible applications of such concepts. According to the Alice Court, the analysis depends on whether a patent claim directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon or an abstract idea contains additional elements, an "inventive concept," that "is 'sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself;" (citing Mayo).

        We believe that Mayo, Myriad and Alice not only render as unpatentable genes, gene fragments and the detection of a person's sequence for a gene, but also have the same effect on generic applications of conventional technology to specific gene sequences. For example, we believe that generic claims to primers or probes directed to specific gene sequences and uses of such primers and probes in determining a person's genetic information are not patentable. We do not currently have any patents or patent applications directed to such subject matter nor have we in-licensed such patents rights of any third party.

        Unlike patents directed to specific genes, we do rely upon, in part, patent protection to protect technology that is not gene-specific and that provides us with a potential competitive advantage as we focus on making comprehensive genetic information less expensive and more broadly available to our clients. In this regard, we have one issued U.S. patent, two pending U.S. utility patent applications, two pending PCT applications, one pending U.S. provisional patent application and eight pending non-U.S. applications directed to various aspects of our laboratory, analytic and business practices. We intend to pursue further patent protection where appropriate.

Trade secrets

        In addition to seeking patent protection for some of our laboratory, analytic and business practices, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain and develop our competitive position. We have developed proprietary procedures for both the laboratory processing of patient samples and the analysis of the resulting data to generate clinical reports. For example, we have automated aspects of our processes for curating information about known variants, identifying variants in an individual's sequence information, associating those variants with known information about their potential effects on disease, and presenting that information for review by personnel responsible for its interpretation and for the delivery of test reports to clinicians. We try to protect these trade secrets, in part, by taking reasonable steps to keep them confidential. This includes entering into nondisclosure and confidentiality

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agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees and certain third parties. We also enter into invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to assign to us any inventions developed in the course of their work for us. However, we may not enter into such agreements with all relevant parties, and these parties may not abide by the terms of their agreements. Despite measures taken to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties might copy or independently develop and commercially exploit aspects of our technology or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary.

Trademarks

        We work hard to achieve a high level of quality in our operations and to provide our clients with a superior experience when interacting with us. As a consequence, our brand is very important to us, as it is a symbol of our reputation and representative of the goodwill we seek to generate with our clients. As a consequence, we have invested significant resources in protection of our trademarks. To date, we have filed for trademark protection for INVITAE as well as our logo (circle design) and INVITAE with the logo. Registrations for INVITAE have been obtained in 28 countries and are currently pending in more than five countries. Applications for our logo (circle design) have been obtained in 18 countries and are currently pending in more than 13 countries, and one application is pending for INVITAE with the logo.

Environmental matters

        Our operations require the use of hazardous materials (including biological materials) which subject us to a variety of federal, state and local environmental and safety laws and regulations. Some of these regulations provide for strict liability, holding a party potentially liable without regard to fault or negligence. We could be held liable for damages and fines as a result of our, or others', business operations should contamination of the environment or individual exposure to hazardous substances occur. We cannot predict how changes in laws or new regulations will affect our business, operations or the cost of compliance.

Raw materials and suppliers

        We rely on a limited number of suppliers, or, in some cases, sole suppliers, including Agilent Technologies, Inc., Illumina, Inc., Integrated DNA Technologies Incorporated, Qiagen N.V. and Roche Holdings Ltd. for certain laboratory reagents, as well as sequencers and other equipment and materials which we use in our laboratory operations. We rely on Illumina as the sole supplier of next generation sequencers and associated reagents and as the sole provider of maintenance and repair services for these sequencers. Our laboratory operations could be interrupted if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these reagents, sequencers or other equipment or materials, and if we cannot obtain an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. We believe that there are only a few other manufacturers that are currently capable of supplying and servicing the equipment necessary for our laboratory operations, including sequencers and various associated reagents. The use of equipment or materials provided by these replacement suppliers would require us to alter our laboratory operations. Transitioning to a new supplier would be time consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our laboratory operations, could affect the performance specifications of our laboratory operations or could require that we revalidate our tests. We cannot assure you that we would be able to secure alternative equipment, reagents and other materials, or bring such equipment, reagents and materials on line and revalidate them without experiencing interruptions in our workflow. If we encounter delays or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring or revalidating the equipment and reagents we require for our tests, our business and reputation could be adversely affected.

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Customer and geographic concentrations

        For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 the percentages of our revenue attributable to sources in the United States were 65%, 67% and 42% respectively; the percentages of our revenue attributable to sources in Canada were 25%, 19% and 1% respectively; the percentages of our revenue attributable to sources in Israel were 2%, 7% and 44% respectively; and the percentages of our revenue attributable to countries excluding the United States, Canada and Israel were 8%, 7% and 13% respectively.

        As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had net long-lived assets in the United States of $17.2 million and $13.9 million, respectively, and net long-lived assets in Chile of $1.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we did not have long- lived assets outside of the United States and Chile.

        As of December 31, 2015, all of our revenue has been derived from sales of our assay. A single customer accounted for 13% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015, a second single customer accounted for 15% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and a third single customer accounted for 44% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013.

General Information

        We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on January 13, 2010 under the name Locus Development, Inc. and changed our name to Invitae Corporation in 2012. Our principal executive offices are located at 458 Brannan Street, San Francisco, California 94107, and our telephone number is (415) 374-7782. Our website address is www.invitae.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

        We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. You may obtain a free copy of these reports in the Investor Relations section of our website, www.invitae.com. All reports that we file with the SEC may be read and copied at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC, 20549. Information about the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. All reports that we file are also available at www.sec.gov.

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ITEM 1A.    Risk Factors.

Risks related to our business and strategy

We are an early-stage company with a history of losses, we expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability.

        We have incurred substantial losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we had net losses of $89.8 million, $47.5 million and $24.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $175.0 million. To date, we have generated limited revenue, and we may never achieve revenue sufficient to offset our expenses. In addition, we expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we focus on scaling our business and operations. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders' equity and working capital. Our failure to achieve and sustain profitability in the future would negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

        We began operations in January 2010, and commercially launched our initial assay in late November 2013; accordingly, we have only a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. Our limited commercial history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and makes predictions about our future results, prospects or viability subject to significant uncertainty. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stage of development, particularly companies in new and rapidly evolving markets such as ours. These risks include an evolving and unpredictable business model and the management of growth. To address these risks, we must, among other things, increase our customer base, implement and successfully execute our business and marketing strategy, continue to expand, automate and upgrade our laboratory, technology and data systems, obtain coverage and reimbursement by healthcare payers such as Medicare and private health insurers, provide rapid test turnaround times with accurate results at low prices, provide superior customer service, respond to competitive developments and attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing these risks, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We will need to scale our infrastructure in advance of demand for our tests, and our failure to generate sufficient demand for our tests would have a negative impact on our business and our ability to attain profitability.

        Our success will depend in large part on our ability to extend our market position, to provide customers with high quality test reports quickly and at a lower price than our competitors, and to achieve sufficient test volume to realize economies of scale. In order to execute our business model, we intend to invest heavily in order to significantly scale our infrastructure, including our testing capacity and information systems, expand our customer service, billing and systems processes and enhance our internal quality assurance program. We entered into a lease agreement for a new laboratory and headquarters in San Francisco, California and we will need to build out our new laboratory. We will also need to hire and retain sufficient numbers of skilled personnel, including geneticists, biostatisticians, certified laboratory scientists and other scientific and technical personnel to process and interpret our genetic tests. We expect that much of this growth will be in advance of demand for our tests. Our current and future expense levels are to a large extent fixed and are largely based on our investment plans and our estimates of future revenue. Because the timing and amount of revenue from our tests is difficult to forecast, when revenue does not meet our expectations we may not be able to adjust our spending promptly or reduce our spending to levels commensurate with our revenue. Even if we are able to successfully scale our infrastructure and operations, we cannot assure you that demand for our tests will increase at levels consistent with the growth of our infrastructure. If we fail to

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generate demand commensurate with this growth or if we fail to scale our infrastructure sufficiently in advance of demand to successfully meet such demand, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If third-party payers, including managed care organizations, private health insurers and government health plans do not provide coverage and adequate reimbursement for our tests, our commercial success could be negatively affected.

        Our ability to increase the number of billable tests and our revenue will depend on our success achieving broad reimbursement for our tests from third-party payers. Physicians may not order our tests unless third-party payers, such as managed care organizations, private health insurers and government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, cover and provide adequate reimbursement for a substantial portion of the price of our tests. Reimbursement by a payer may depend on a number of factors, including a payer's determination that a test is appropriate, medically necessary, and cost-effective.

        Since each payer makes its own decision as to whether to establish a policy or enter into a contract to cover our tests, as well as the amount it will reimburse for a test, seeking these approvals is a time-consuming and costly process. In addition, the determination by a payer to cover and the amount it will reimburse for our tests will likely be made on an indication by indication basis. To date, we have obtained policy-level reimbursement approval or contractual reimbursement for some indications for our test from a small number of commercial third-party payers, and have not obtained coverage from Medicare or any state Medicaid program. Further, we believe that establishing adequate reimbursement from Medicare is an important factor in gaining adoption from healthcare providers. Our claims for reimbursement from commercial payers may be denied upon submission, and we must appeal the claims. The appeals process is time consuming and expensive, and may not result in payment. In cases where there is not a contracted rate for reimbursement, there is typically a greater co-insurance or co-payment requirement from the patient which may result in further delay or decreased likelihood of collection.

        We expect to continue to focus substantial resources on increasing adoption of, and coverage and reimbursement for, our current tests and any future tests we may develop. We believe it may take several years to achieve coverage and adequate contracted reimbursement with a majority of third-party payers. However, we cannot predict whether, under what circumstances, or at what payment levels payers will reimburse for our tests. If we fail to establish and maintain broad adoption of, and coverage and reimbursement for, our tests, our ability to generate revenue could be harmed and our future prospects and our business could suffer.

We face intense competition, which is likely to intensify further as existing competitors devote additional resources to, and new participants enter, the market. If we cannot compete successfully, we may be unable to increase our revenue or achieve and sustain profitability.

        With the development of next generation sequencing, the clinical genetics market is becoming increasingly competitive, and we expect this competition to intensify in the future. We face competition from a variety of sources, including:

•

dozens of relatively specialized competitors focused on inherited clinical genetics and gene sequencing, such as Ambry Genetics, Inc., Athena Diagnostics, Counsyl, GeneDx, a subsidiary of OPKO Health, Inc., Myriad Genetics, Inc., or Myriad,



•

a few large, established general testing companies with large market share and significant channel power, such as Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings and Quest Diagnostics Incorporated;

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•

a large number of clinical laboratories in an academic or healthcare provider setting that perform clinical genetic testing on behalf of their affiliated institutions and often sell and market more broadly; and



•

a large number of new entrants into the market for genetic information ranging from informatics and analysis pipeline developers to focused, integrated providers of genetic tools and services for health and wellness including Illumina, Inc., who is also one of our suppliers.

        Hospitals, academic medical centers and eventually physician practice groups and individual clinicians may also seek to perform at their own facilities the type of genetic testing we would otherwise perform for them. In this regard, continued development of equipment, reagents, and other materials as well as databases and interpretation services may enable broader direct participation in genetic testing and analysis.

        Participants in closely related markets such as prenatal testing and clinical trial or companion diagnostic testing could converge on offerings that are competitive with the type of tests we perform. Instances where potential competitors are aligned with key suppliers or are themselves suppliers could provide such potential competitors with significant advantages.

        In addition, the biotechnology and genetic testing fields are intensely competitive both in terms of service and price, and continue to undergo significant consolidation, permitting larger clinical laboratory service providers to increase cost efficiencies and service levels, resulting in more intense competition.

        We believe the principal competitive factors in our market are:

•

breadth and depth of content;



•

reliability;



•

accessibility of results;



•

turnaround time of testing results;



•

price and quality of tests;



•

coverage and reimbursement arrangements with third-party payers;



•

convenience of testing;



•

brand recognition of test provider;



•

additional value-added services and informatics tools;



•

client service; and



•

quality of website content.

        Many of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and market penetration, higher margins on their tests, substantially greater financial, technological and research and development resources and selling and marketing capabilities, and more experience dealing with third-party payers. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their tests than we do, or sell their tests at prices designed to win significant levels of market share. We may not be able to compete effectively against these organizations. Increased competition and cost-saving initiatives on the part of governmental entities and other third-party payers are likely to result in pricing pressures, which could harm our sales, profitability or ability to gain market share. In addition, competitors may be acquired by, receive investments from or enter into other commercial relationships with larger, well-established and well-financed companies as use of next generation sequencing for clinical diagnosis and preventative

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care increases. Certain of our competitors may be able to secure key inputs from vendors on more favorable terms, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and devote substantially more resources to website and systems development than we can. In addition, companies or governments that control access to genetic testing through umbrella contracts or regional preferences could promote our competitors or prevent us from performing certain services. If we are unable to compete successfully against current and future competitors, we may be unable to increase market acceptance and sales of our tests, which could prevent us from increasing our revenue or achieving profitability and could cause our stock price to decline.

We may not be able to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

        Our expected future growth could create a strain on our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure, including laboratory operations, quality control, customer service, marketing and sales, and management. We plan to move into a new laboratory and headquarters facility in 2016, which could also affect our business operations and our ability to perform our tests. We may not be able to maintain the quality of or expected turnaround times for our tests, or satisfy customer demand as it grows. Our ability to manage our growth properly will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. We plan to implement new enterprise software systems in a number of areas affecting a broad range of business processes and functional areas. The time and resources required to implement these new systems is uncertain, and failure to complete these activities in a timely and efficient manner could adversely affect our operations. In addition, we plan to hire additional geneticists, biostatisticians, certified laboratory scientists and other scientific and technical personnel. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it may be difficult for us to execute our business strategy and our business could be harmed. Future growth in our business could also make it difficult for us to maintain our corporate culture.

Our inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms in the future may limit our ability to develop and commercialize new tests and expand our operations.

        We expect capital expenditures and operating expenses to increase over the next several years as we expand our infrastructure, commercial operations and research and development activities. The proceeds from our initial public offering will not be sufficient to fully fund our business and growth strategy. We may seek to raise additional capital through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations or licensing arrangements. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders would result. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings, if available, could impose significant restrictions on our operations. The incurrence of additional indebtedness or the issuance of certain equity securities could result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. In addition, the issuance of additional equity securities by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. In the event that we enter into collaborations or licensing arrangements to raise capital, we may be required to accept unfavorable terms. These agreements may require that we relinquish or license to a third party on unfavorable terms our rights to tests we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves, or reserve certain opportunities for future potential arrangements when we might be able to achieve more favorable terms. If we are not able to secure additional funding when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or

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more research and development programs or selling and marketing initiatives. In addition, we may have to work with a partner on one or more aspects of our tests or market development programs, which could lower the economic value of those tests or programs to our company.

We rely on highly skilled personnel in a broad array of disciplines and, if we are unable to hire, retain or motivate these individuals, or maintain our corporate culture, we may not be able to maintain the quality of our services or grow effectively.

        Our performance, including our research and development programs and laboratory operations, largely depend on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization, including scientists, biostatisticians and technicians. Competition in our industry for qualified employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future, including scientists, biostatisticians and technicians, due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses as well as universities and public and private research institutions, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. In addition, our compensation arrangements, such as our equity award programs, may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that could adversely affect our ability to scale our business, support our research and development efforts and our clinical laboratory. We believe that our corporate culture fosters innovation, creativity and teamwork. However, as our organization grows, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. This could negatively impact our ability to retain and attract employees and our future success.

If we are not able to generate substantial demand of our tests, our commercial success will be negatively affected.

        Our business model assumes that we will be able to generate significant test volume, and we may not succeed in driving clinical adoption of our test to achieve sufficient volumes. Inasmuch as detailed genetic data from broad-based testing panels such as our tests have only recently become available at relatively affordable prices, the pace and degree of clinical acceptance of the utility of such testing is uncertain. Specifically, it is uncertain how much genetic data will be accepted as necessary or useful, as well as how detailed that data should be, particularly since medical practitioners may have become accustomed to genetic testing that is specific to one or a few genes. Given the substantial amount of additional information available from a broad-based testing panel such as ours, there may be distrust as to the reliability of such information when compared with more limited and focused genetic tests. To generate demand for our tests, we will need to continue to make clinicians aware of the benefits of our tests, including the price, the breadth of our testing options, and the benefits of having additional genetic data available from which to make treatment decisions. Because broad-based testing panels are relatively new, it may be more difficult or take more time for us to expand clinical adoption of our assay beyond a relatively small number of early adopters. In addition, clinicians in other areas of medicine may not adopt genetic testing for hereditary disease as readily as it has been adopted in hereditary cancer and our efforts to sell our tests to clinicians outside of oncology may not be successful. A lack of or delay in clinical acceptance of broad-based panels such as our tests would negatively impact sales and market acceptance of our tests and limit our revenue growth and potential profitability. Genetic testing is expensive and many potential customers may be sensitive to pricing. In addition, potential customers may not adopt our tests if adequate reimbursement is not available, or if we are not able to maintain low prices relative to our competitors. If we are not able to generate demand for our tests at sufficient volume, or if it takes significantly more time to generate this demand than we anticipate, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.

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Our success will depend on our ability to use rapidly changing genetic data to interpret test results accurately and consistently, and our failure to do so would have an adverse effect on our operating results and business, harm our reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.

        Our success depends on our ability to provide reliable, high-quality tests that incorporate rapidly evolving information about the role of genes and gene variants in disease and clinically relevant outcomes associated with those variants. Errors, including if our tests fail to detect genomic variants with high accuracy, or mistakes, including if we fail to or incompletely or incorrectly identify the significance of gene variants, could have a significant adverse impact on our business. Hundreds of genes can be implicated in some disorders, and overlapping networks of genes and symptoms can be implicated in multiple conditions. As a result, a substantial amount of judgment is required in order to interpret testing results for an individual patient and to develop an appropriate patient report. We classify variants in accordance with published guidelines as benign, likely benign, variants of uncertain significance, likely pathogenic or pathogenic, and these guidelines are subject to change. In addition, it is our practice to offer support to clinicians and geneticists ordering our tests around which genes or panels to order as well as interpretation of genetic variants. We also rely on clinicians to interpret what we report and to incorporate specific information about an individual patient into the physician's treatment decision.

        The marketing, sale and use of our genetic tests could subject us to liability for errors in, misunderstandings of, or inappropriate reliance on, information we provide to clinicians or geneticists, and lead to claims against us if someone were to allege that our test failed to perform as it was designed, if we failed to correctly interpret the test results, or if the ordering physician were to misinterpret test results or improperly rely on them when making a clinical decision. A product liability or professional liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend. Although we maintain liability insurance, including for errors and omissions, we cannot assure you that our insurance would fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against these types of claims or any judgments, fines or settlement costs arising out of any such claims. Any liability claim, including an errors and omissions liability claim, brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any liability lawsuit could cause injury to our reputation or cause us to suspend sales of our tests. The occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.

Our industry is subject to rapidly changing technology and new and increasing amounts of scientific data related to genes and genetic variants and their role in disease. Our failure to develop tests to keep pace with these changes could make us obsolete.

        In recent years, there have been numerous advances in methods used to analyze very large amounts of genomic information and the role of genetics and gene variants in disease and treatment therapies. Our industry has and will continue to be characterized by rapid technological change, increasingly larger amounts of data, frequent new testing service introductions and evolving industry standards, all of which could make our tests obsolete. Our future success will also depend on our ability to keep pace with the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of technological and scientific advances. Our tests could become obsolete unless we continually update our offerings to reflect new scientific knowledge about genes and genetic variations and their role in diseases and treatment therapies.

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Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

        In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third-party billing and collections provider collect and store sensitive data, including legally protected health information, personally identifiable information, intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our customers, payers, and other parties. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing a combination of on-site systems, managed data center systems, and cloud-based data center systems. We also communicate sensitive patient data through our Invitae Family History Tool. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information including research and development information, commercial information, and business and financial information. We face a number of risks relative to protecting this critical information, including loss of access risk, inappropriate disclosure, inappropriate modification, and the risk of our being unable to adequately monitor and modify our controls over our critical information.

        The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure, and that of our third-party billing and collections provider, may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost, or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Heath Act, or HITECH, and regulatory penalties. Although we have implemented security measures and a formal, dedicated enterprise security program to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, our Invitae Family History Tool is currently accessible through our online portal and through our mobile applications, and there is no guarantee we can protect our online portal or our mobile applications from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations (including our ability to conduct our analyses, provide test results, bill payers or patients, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process, and prepare company financial information, provide information about our tests and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business) and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business.

        Penalties for failure to comply with a requirement of HIPAA and HITECH vary significantly, and include civil monetary penalties of up to $1.5 million per calendar year for each provision of HIPAA that is violated. A person who knowingly obtains or discloses individually identifiable health information in violation of HIPAA may face a criminal penalty of up to $50,000 and up to one-year imprisonment. The criminal penalties increase if the wrongful conduct involves false pretenses or the intent to sell, transfer, or use identifiable health information for commercial advantage, personal gain, or malicious harm.

        In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer, health-related, and data protection laws in the United States, Europe and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory, and in flux. In addition, in October 2015, the European Court of Justice invalidated a safe harbor agreement between the United States and European Union member states which addressed how many U.S. companies handle personal information of their European customers. In October 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union declared the Safe Harbor invalid. In February 2016, the European Commission announced an agreement with the U. S. Department of Commerce to replace the invalidated Safe

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Harbor agreement on transatlantic data flows with a new E.U.-U.S. "Privacy Shield." Nevertheless, legal uncertainty remains concerning E.U.-to-U.S. data transfers. The Privacy Shield will not be effective until it is approved by the E.U.'s 28 member states. Laws governing data privacy and security are constantly evolving. In addition, it is possible that laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, these privacy regulations may differ from country to country, and may vary based on whether testing is performed in the United States or in the local country. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business. We can provide no assurance that we are or will remain in compliance with diverse privacy and security requirements in all of the jurisdictions in which we do business. Failure to comply with privacy and security requirements could result in civil or criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have limited experience in marketing and selling our tests, and our success will depend in part on our ability to generate sales using a relatively small internal sales team and through alternative marketing strategies.

        We have limited experience marketing and selling our tests, which we began selling in late 2013. We may not be able to market or sell our current tests and any future tests we may develop effectively enough to drive demand sufficient to support our planned growth. We currently sell our tests in the United States through a relatively small internal sales force and outside the United States with the assistance of distributors. Historically, our sales efforts have been focused primarily on hereditary cancer and our efforts to sell our tests to clinicians outside of oncology may not be successful, or may be difficult to do successfully without significant additional selling and marketing efforts and expense. As part of our strategy to reduce the cost of genetic testing, we will need to maintain our selling and marketing expenses at levels that are lower than many of our competitors through the use of focused sales efforts. Our future sales will depend in large part on our ability to develop and substantially expand awareness of our company and our tests through alternative strategies including through education of key opinion leaders, through social media-related and online outreach, education and marketing efforts, and through focused channel partner strategies designed to drive demand for our tests. We have limited experience implementing these types of alternative marketing efforts. We may not be able to drive sufficient levels of revenue using these sales and marketing methods and strategies necessary to support our planned growth, and our failure to do so could limit our revenue and potential profitability.

        Outside the United States we use and intend to continue to use distributors to assist with sales, logistics, education, and customer support. Identifying, qualifying, and engaging distributors with local industry experience and knowledge will be necessary to effectively market and sell our tests outside the United States. We may not be successful in finding, attracting and retaining additional distributors, or we may not be able to enter into additional distribution arrangements on favorable terms. Sales practices utilized by our distributors that are locally acceptable may not comply with sales practices standards required under U.S. laws that apply to us, which could create additional compliance risk. If our sales and marketing efforts are not successful outside the United States, we may not achieve significant market acceptance for our tests outside the United States, which could materially and adversely impact our business operations.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers or, in some cases, sole suppliers, for some of our laboratory instruments and materials, and we may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers.

        We rely on a limited number of suppliers, or, in some cases, sole suppliers, including Agilent Technologies, Inc., Illumina, Inc., Integrated DNA Technologies Incorporated, Qiagen N.V., and Roche

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Holdings Ltd. for certain laboratory substances used in the chemical reactions incorporated into our processes, which we refer to as reagents, as well as sequencers and other equipment and materials which we use in our laboratory operations. We do not have any short- or long-term agreements with our suppliers, and our suppliers could cease supplying these materials and equipment at any time, or fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of materials or materials that meet our specifications. Our laboratory operations could be interrupted if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these reagents, sequencers or other equipment or materials, and if we cannot obtain an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. We rely on Illumina as the sole supplier of next generation sequencers and associated reagents and as the sole provider of maintenance and repair services for these sequencers. Any disruption in Illumina's operations could impact our supply chain and laboratory operations as well as our ability to conduct our tests, and it could take a substantial amount of time to integrate replacement equipment into our laboratory operations.

        We believe that there are only a few other manufacturers that are currently capable of supplying and servicing the equipment necessary for our laboratory operations, including sequencers and various associated reagents. The use of equipment or materials provided by these replacement suppliers would require us to alter our laboratory operations. Transitioning to a new supplier would be time consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our laboratory operations, could affect the performance specifications of our laboratory operations or could require that we revalidate our tests. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure alternative equipment, reagents and other materials, and bring such equipment, reagents and materials on line and revalidate them without experiencing interruptions in our workflow. In the case of an alternative supplier for Illumina, we cannot assure you that replacement sequencers and associated reagents will be available or will meet our quality control and performance requirements for our laboratory operations. If we encounter delays or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring or revalidating the equipment and reagents we require for our tests, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected.

If our laboratory in San Francisco becomes inoperable due to an earthquake or for any other reason, we will be unable to perform our tests and our business will be harmed.

        We perform all of our tests at our laboratory in San Francisco, California. We plan to move into a new laboratory and headquarters facility in 2016, also located in San Francisco. Our laboratory and the equipment we use to perform our tests would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to replace and qualify for use. Our laboratory may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, flooding, fire and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to perform our tests for some period of time. The inability to perform our tests or the backlog that could develop if our laboratory is inoperable for even a short period of time may result in the loss of customers or harm our reputation. Although we maintain insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

The loss of any member of our senior management team could adversely affect our business.

        Our success depends in large part upon the skills, experience and performance of members of our executive management team and others in key leadership positions. The efforts of these persons will be critical to us as we continue to develop our technologies and test processes and focus on scaling our business. If we were to lose one or more key executives, we may experience difficulties in competing effectively, developing our technologies and implementing our business strategy. All of our executives and employees are at-will, which means that either we or the executive or employee may terminate their employment at any time. We do not carry key man insurance for any of our executives or employees. In addition, we do not have a long-term retention agreement or long-term equity incentives in place with our chief executive officer.

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Development of new tests is a complex process, and we may be unable to commercialize new tests on a timely basis, or at all.

        We cannot assure you that we will be able to develop and commercialize new tests on a timely basis. Before we can commercialize any new tests, we will need to expend significant funds in order to:

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conduct research and development;



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further develop and scale our laboratory processes; and



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further develop and scale our infrastructure to be able to analyze increasingly larger and more diverse amounts of data.

        Our testing service development process involves risk, and development efforts may fail for many reasons, including:

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failure of any test to perform as expected;



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lack of validation or reference data; or



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failure to demonstrate utility of a test.

        As we develop tests, we will have to make significant investments in development, marketing and selling resources. In addition, competitors may develop and commercialize competing tests faster than we are able to do so.

We may acquire businesses or assets, form joint ventures or make investments in other companies or technologies that could harm our operating results, dilute our stockholders' ownership, or cause us to incur debt or significant expense.

        As part of our business strategy, we may pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses or assets, as well as technology licensing arrangements. We also may pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technology and industry experience to expand our offerings or distribution, or make investments in other companies. As an organization, we have limited experience with respect to acquisitions as well as the formation of strategic alliances and joint ventures. If we make any acquisitions in the future, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Integration of an acquired company or business also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance, joint venture or investment.

        To finance any acquisitions or investments, we may choose to raise additional funds. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders could result. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Once we become a public company, if the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies for stock. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for these activities through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

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We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business.

        We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems for significant elements of our operations, including our laboratory information management system, our bioinformatics analytical software systems, our database of information relating to genetic variations and their role in disease process and drug metabolism, our clinical report optimization systems, our customer- facing web-based software, our customer reporting, and our family history and risk assessment tools. We have installed, and expect to expand, a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including for example, systems handling human resources, financial controls and reporting, customer relationship management, regulatory compliance, and other infrastructure operations. In addition, we intend to extend the capabilities of both our preventative and detective security controls by augmenting the monitoring and alerting functions, the network design, and the automatic countermeasure operations of our technical systems. These information technology and telecommunications systems support a variety of functions, including laboratory operations, test validation, sample tracking, quality control, customer service support, billing and reimbursement, research and development activities, scientific and medical curation, and general administrative activities. In addition, our third-party billing and collections provider depends upon technology and telecommunications systems provided by outside vendors.

        Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, and similar disruptive problems. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect our information technology and telecommunications systems, failures or significant downtime of our information technology or telecommunications systems or those used by our third-party service providers could prevent us from conducting tests, preparing and providing reports to clinicians, billing payers, processing reimbursement appeals, handling physician or patient inquiries, conducting research and development activities, and managing the administrative aspects of our business. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business.

International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.

        We currently have distribution arrangements in several countries, and our business strategy contemplates significant international expansion. We plan to enter into additional distribution relationships to conduct physician outreach activities and to develop and expand payer relationships outside of the United States. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:

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multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements, and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;



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failure by us or our distributors to obtain regulatory approvals for the use of our tests in various countries;



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complexities and difficulties in obtaining protection and enforcing our intellectual property;



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difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;



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complexities associated with managing multiple payer reimbursement regimes, government payers, or patient self-pay systems;



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logistics and regulations associated with shipping blood samples, including infrastructure conditions and transportation delays;

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limits on our ability to penetrate international markets if we do not to conduct our tests locally;



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financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial conditions on demand and payment for our tests, and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;



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natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism, and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and



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regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, its books and records provisions, or its anti-bribery provisions.

        Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our revenue and results of operations.

        In addition, applicable export or import laws and regulations such as prohibitions on the export of blood imposed by countries outside of the United States, or international privacy or data restrictions that are different or more stringent than those of the United States, may require that we build additional laboratories or engage in joint ventures or other business partnerships in order to offer our tests internationally in the future. Any such restrictions would impair our ability to offer our tests in such countries and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Ethical, legal and social concerns related to the use of genetic information could reduce demand for our tests.

        Genetic testing has raised ethical, legal, and social issues regarding privacy and the appropriate uses of the resulting information. Governmental authorities could, for social or other purposes, limit or regulate the use of genetic information or genetic testing or prohibit testing for genetic predisposition to certain conditions, particularly for those that have no known cure. Similarly, these concerns may lead patients to refuse to use, or clinicians to be reluctant to order, genomic tests even if permissible. These and other ethical, legal and social concerns may limit market acceptance of our tests or reduce the potential markets for our tests, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks related to government regulation

If the FDA regulates our tests as medical devices, we could incur substantial costs and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

        We provide our tests as laboratory-developed tests, or LDTs. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, and certain state agencies regulate the performance of LDTs (as authorized by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, and state law, respectively).

        Historically, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, has exercised enforcement discretion with respect to most LDTs and has not required laboratories that furnish LDTs to comply with the agency's requirements for medical devices (e.g., establishment registration, device listing, quality systems regulations, premarket clearance or premarket approval, and post- market controls). In recent years, however, the FDA has stated it intends to end its policy of general enforcement discretion and regulate certain LDTs as medical devices. To this end, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents, entitled "Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs)" and "FDA Notification and Medical Device Reporting for Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs)", respectively, that set forth a proposed risk-based regulatory framework that would apply varying levels of FDA oversight to LDTs. The FDA has indicated that it does not intend to modify its policy of enforcement discretion until the draft guidance documents are finalized. It is unclear at this

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time when, or if, the draft guidance documents will be finalized, and even then, the new regulatory requirements are proposed to be phased-in consistent with the schedule set forth in the guidance (in as little as 12 months after the draft guidance is finalized for certain high-priority LDTs). Nevertheless, the FDA may decide to regulate certain LDTs on a case-by-case basis at any time.

        Legislative proposals addressing the FDA's oversight of LDTs have been introduced in previous Congresses, and we expect that new legislative proposals will be introduced from time-to-time. The likelihood that Congress will pass such legislation and the extent to which such legislation may affect the FDA's plans to regulate certain LDTs as medical devices is difficult to predict at this time.

        If the FDA ultimately regulates certain LDTs as medical devices, whether via final guidance, final regulation, or as instructed by Congress, our tests may be subject to certain additional regulatory requirements. Complying with the FDA's requirements for medical devices can be expensive, time-consuming, and subject us to significant or unanticipated delays. Insofar as we may be required to obtain premarket clearance or approval to perform or continue performing an LDT, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such authorization. Even if we obtain regulatory clearance or approval where required, such authorization may not be for the intended uses that we believe are commercially attractive or are critical to the commercial success of our tests. As a result, the application of the FDA's medical device requirements to our tests could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

        Failure to comply with applicable FDA regulatory requirements may trigger a range of enforcement actions by the FDA including warning letters, civil monetary penalties, injunctions, criminal prosecution, recall or seizure, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of operations, and denial of or challenges to applications for clearance or approval, as well as significant adverse publicity.

        In addition, in November 2013, the FDA issued final guidance regarding the distribution of products labeled for research use only. Certain of the reagents and other products we use in our tests are labeled as research use only products. Certain of our suppliers may cease selling research use only products to us and any failure to obtain an acceptable substitute could significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with federal, state and foreign laboratory licensing requirements, we could lose the ability to perform our tests or experience disruptions to our business.

        We are subject to CLIA, a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. CLIA regulations establish specific standards with respect to personnel qualifications, facility administration, proficiency testing, quality control, quality assurance, and inspections. CLIA certification is also required in order for us to be eligible to bill state and federal healthcare programs, as well as many private third-party payers, for our tests. We have current CLIA certification to conduct our tests at our laboratory in San Francisco. To renew this certification, we are subject to survey and inspection every two years. Moreover, CLIA inspectors may make random inspections of our clinical reference laboratory.

        We are also required to maintain a license to conduct testing in California. California laws establish standards for day-to-day operation of our clinical reference laboratory in San Francisco, including the training and skills required of personnel and quality control. We also maintain out-of-state laboratory licenses to conduct testing on specimens from Florida, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. In addition to having a laboratory license in New York, our clinical reference laboratories are required to be approved on a test- specific basis by the New York State Department of Health, or NYDOH, before the specific tests are performed on specimens from New York. Because our genomic sequencing panels are not approved by New York, we are currently

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prohibited from performing these tests on samples from New York. Other states may adopt similar licensure requirements in the future, which may require us to modify, delay or stop our operations in such jurisdictions. We may also be subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions as we seek to expand international utilization of our tests or such jurisdictions adopt new licensure requirements, which may require review of our tests in order to offer them or may have other limitations such as restrictions on the transport of human blood necessary for us to perform our tests that may limit our ability to make our tests available outside of the United States. Complying with licensure requirements in new jurisdictions may be expensive, time-consuming, and subject us to significant and unanticipated delays.

        Failure to comply with applicable clinical laboratory licensure requirements may result in a range of enforcement actions, including license suspension, limitation, or revocation, directed plan of action, onsite monitoring, civil monetary penalties, criminal sanctions, and cancellation of the laboratory's approval to receive Medicare and Medicaid payment for its services, as well as significant adverse publicity. Any sanction imposed under CLIA, its implementing regulations, or state or foreign laws or regulations governing clinical laboratory licensure, or our failure to renew our CLIA certificate, a state or foreign license, or accreditation, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we were able to bring our laboratory back into compliance, we could incur significant expenses and potentially lose revenue in doing so.

        The College of American Pathologists, or CAP, maintains a clinical laboratory accreditation program. CAP asserts that its program is "designed to go well beyond regulatory compliance" and helps laboratories achieve the highest standards of excellence to positively impact patient care. While not required to operate a CLIA-certified laboratory, many private insurers require CAP accreditation as a condition to contracting with clinical laboratories to cover their tests. In addition, some countries outside the United States require CAP accreditation as a condition to permitting clinical laboratories to test samples taken from their citizens. In November 2014, we obtained CAP accreditation for our San Francisco laboratory. Failure to maintain CAP accreditation could have a material adverse effect on the sales of our tests and the results of our operations.

Complying with numerous statutes and regulations pertaining to our business is an expensive and time-consuming process, and any failure to comply could result in substantial penalties.

        Our operations are subject to other extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations, all of which are subject to change. These laws and regulations currently include, among others:

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HIPAA, which established comprehensive federal standards with respect to the privacy and security of protected health information and requirements for the use of certain standardized electronic transactions;



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amendments to HIPAA under HITECH, which strengthen and expand HIPAA privacy and security compliance requirements, increase penalties for violators and expand vicarious liability, extend enforcement authority to state attorneys general, and impose requirements for breach notification;



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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for or to induce such person to refer an individual, or to purchase, lease, order, arrange for, or recommend purchasing, leasing or ordering, any good, facility, item or service that is reimbursable, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program;



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the federal Stark physician self-referral law, which prohibits a physician from making a referral for certain designated health services covered by the Medicare program, including laboratory and pathology services, if the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship with the entity providing the designated health services, and prohibits that entity

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from billing or presenting a claim for the designated health services furnished pursuant to the prohibited referral, unless an exception applies;

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the federal false claims laws, which impose liability on any person or entity that, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment to the federal government;



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the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know it is likely to influence the beneficiary's selection of a particular provider, practitioner, or supplier of services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program, unless an exception applies;



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the HIPAA fraud and abuse provisions, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, defrauding healthcare programs, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense and falsifying or concealing a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;



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other federal and state fraud and abuse laws, such as anti-kickback laws, prohibitions on self-referral, fee-splitting restrictions, insurance fraud laws, anti-markup laws, prohibitions on the provision of tests at no or discounted cost to induce physician or patient adoption, and false claims acts, which may extend to services reimbursable by any third-party payer, including private insurers;



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the prohibition on reassignment of Medicare claims, which, subject to certain exceptions, precludes the reassignment of Medicare claims to any other party;



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state laws that prohibit other specified practices, such as billing clinicians for testing that they order; waiving coinsurance, copayments, deductibles, and other amounts owed by patients; billing a state Medicaid program at a price that is higher than what is charged to one or more other payers; and



•

similar foreign laws and regulations that apply to us in the countries in which we operate or may operate in the future.

        We have adopted policies and procedures designed to comply with these laws and regulations. In the ordinary course of our business, we conduct internal reviews of our compliance with these laws. Our compliance is also subject to governmental review. The growth of our business and our expansion outside of the United States may increase the potential of violating these laws or our internal policies and procedures. The risk of our being found in violation of these or other laws and regulations is further increased by the fact that many have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Any action brought against us for violation of these or other laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws and regulations, we may be subject to any applicable penalty associated with the violation, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, individual imprisonment, exclusion from participation in Federal healthcare programs, refunding of payments received by us, and curtailment or cessation of our operations. Any of the foregoing consequences could seriously harm our business and our financial results.

Healthcare policy changes, including recently enacted legislation reforming the U.S. healthcare system, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

        In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively referred to as the Affordable Care Act, was enacted in

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the United States, which made a number of substantial changes in the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among other things, the Affordable Care Act:

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requires each medical device manufacturer to pay a sales tax equal to 2.3% of the price for which such manufacturer sells its medical devices, and applied to sales of taxable medical devices from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015. The medical device tax has been suspended for 2016 and 2017, but is scheduled to return beginning in 2018. It is unclear at this time when, or if, the provision of our LDTs will trigger the medical device tax if the FDA ends its policy of general enforcement discretion and regulates certain LDTs as medical devices. It is possible, however, that this tax will apply to some or all of our tests or tests which are in development.



•

establishes an Independent Payment Advisory Board, or IPAB, to reduce the per capita rate of growth in Medicare spending if expenditures exceed certain targets. At this point, the triggers for IPAB proposals have not been met; it is unclear when such triggers may be made met in the future and when any IPAB-proposed reductions to payments could take effect.

        Many of the Current Procedure Terminology, or CPT, procedure codes that we use to bill our tests were revised by the American Medical Association, effective January 1, 2013. Moreover, the AMA recently released new codes to report genomic sequencing procedures. In a final determination under the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, published in November 2014, CMS set the 2015 payment rate for these codes by the gap-fill process. Under the gap-fill process, local Medicare Administrative Contractors, or MACs, establish rates for those codes that each MAC believes meet the criteria for Medicare coverage and considering laboratory charges and discounts to charges, resources, amounts paid by other payers for the tests, and amounts paid by the MAC for similar tests. In 2015, gapfilled payment rates were established for some, but not all, of the above-described codes. For those codes for which local gap-filled rate(s) were established in 2015, a national limitation amount for Medicare has been established for 2016. Codes for which local gap-filled rates were not established in 2015 will be priced by the local MACs in 2016 insofar as an individual MAC determines that such codes should be covered. Where available, the national limitation amount serves as a cap on the Medicare and Medicaid payment rates for a test procedure. We do not yet know how our tests may fit under these new codes, but if we are required to report our tests under these codes, we cannot assure you that Medicare or its contractors have or will set adequate reimbursement rates for these new codes.

        In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, or PAMA, which included substantial changes to the way in which clinical laboratory services will be paid under Medicare. Under PAMA, clinical laboratories must report to Medicare private payer rates beginning in 2016 and every three years thereafter for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are not advanced diagnostic laboratory tests and every year for advanced diagnostic laboratory tests.

        We do not believe that our tests meet the current definition of advanced diagnostic laboratory tests, but in the event that our tests are determined by CMS to meet these criteria or new criteria developed by CMS, we would be required to report private payer data for those tests annually. Otherwise, we will be required to report private payer rates for our tests on an every three years basis. Laboratories that fail to report the required payment information may be subject to substantial civil money penalties. CMS has not yet issued a final rule implementing the reporting and rate-setting requirements under PAMA.

        As set forth in PAMA, for tests furnished on or after January 1, 2017, Medicare payments for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests will be paid based upon these reported private payer rates. For clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are assigned a new or substantially revised code, initial payment rates for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests that are not advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be assigned by the cross-walk or gap-fill methodology, as under prior law. Initial payment rates for new advanced diagnostic laboratory tests will be based on the actual list charge for the laboratory test. The

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impact of the new payment system on rates for our tests, including any current or future clinical diagnostic laboratory tests or advanced diagnostic laboratory tests we develop, is not clear at this time.

        PAMA also authorized the adoption of new, temporary billing codes and/or unique test identifiers for FDA-cleared or approved tests as well as advanced diagnostic laboratory tests. The CPT® Editorial Panel approved a proposal to create a new section of billing codes to facilitate implementation of this section of PAMA, but it is unclear whether or when the new section of billing codes will be implemented, and it is unclear how these codes would apply to our tests.

        We cannot predict whether future healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level, or how any future legislation or regulation may affect us. For instance, the payment reductions imposed by the Affordable Care Act and the expansion of the federal and state governments' role in the U.S. healthcare industry as well as changes to the reimbursement amounts paid by payers for our tests and future tests or our medical procedure volumes may reduce our profits and have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Moreover, Congress has proposed on several occasions to impose a 20% coinsurance on patients for clinical laboratory tests reimbursed under the clinical laboratory fee schedule, which would increase our billing and collecting costs and decrease our revenue.

If we use hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we could be liable for resulting damages.

        Our activities currently require the use of hazardous chemicals and biological material. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury to employees or third parties from the use, storage, handling, or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have. Additionally, we are subject on an ongoing basis to federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations may become significant, and our failure to comply may result in substantial fines or other consequences, and either could negatively affect our operating results.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the FCPA and other worldwide anti-bribery laws.

        We are subject to the FCPA, which prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making payments in violation of law to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. Our reliance on independent distributors to sell our tests internationally demands a high degree of vigilance in maintaining our policy against participation in corrupt activity, because these distributors could be deemed to be our agents, and we could be held responsible for their actions. Other U.S. companies in the medical device and pharmaceutical fields have faced criminal penalties under the FCPA for allowing their agents to deviate from appropriate practices in doing business with these individuals. We are also subject to similar anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United Kingdom's Bribery Act of 2010, which also prohibits commercial bribery and makes it a crime for companies to fail to prevent bribery. These laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and, as a result, we cannot assure you that we would not be required in the future to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws or any changes in these laws or the interpretation thereof. Any violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, involve significant costs and expenses, including legal fees, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, or results of operations. We could also incur severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement, and other remedial measures.

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Risks related to our intellectual property

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation have and may continue to require us to spend significant time and money, and could in the future prevent us from selling our tests or impact our stock price.

        Our commercial success will depend in part on our avoiding infringement of patents and proprietary rights of third parties, including for example the intellectual property rights of competitors. Our activities may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents owned or controlled by third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications exist in the genetic testing market and are owned by third parties. We cannot assure you that our operations do not, or will not in the future, infringe existing or future patents. We may be unaware of patents that a third party, including for example a competitor in the genetic testing market, might assert are infringed by our business. There may also be patent applications that, if issued as patents, could be asserted against us. Third parties making claims against us for infringement or misappropriation of their intellectual property rights may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to perform our tests. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay our development or sales of any tests or other activities that are the subject of such suit. Defense of these claims, regardless of merit, could cause us to incur substantial expenses and be a substantial diversion of our employee resources. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us by a third party, we may have to (1) pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys' fees if we are found to have willfully infringed patents; (2) obtain one or more licenses, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms (if at all); (3) pay royalties; and (4) redesign any infringing tests or other activities, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

        On November 26, 2013, in response to infringement allegations by Myriad we sued Myriad in the Northern District of California for declaratory judgment that certain of its U.S. patents are invalid and not infringed by our tests. Myriad together with certain of its licensors, the Myriad Plaintiffs, counterclaimed against us, alleging that our tests infringe those patents and alleging that we are willfully infringing those patents. On January 23, 2015, the Myriad Plaintiffs stipulated to the dismissal with prejudice of all of their claims and granted us a covenant not to sue for all of the patents they had asserted against us, and on January 26, 2015, the court issued an order dismissing the case with prejudice thereby ending the litigation.

        As we continue to commercialize our tests in their current or an updated form, launch different and expanded tests, and enter new markets, other competitors might claim that our tests infringe or misappropriate their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. If such a suit were brought, regardless of merit, we could incur substantial costs and diversion of the attention of our management and technical personnel in defending ourselves against such claims. Any adverse ruling or perception of an adverse ruling in defending ourselves could have a material adverse impact on our cash position and stock price. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may seek and thereby potentially obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to commercialize our tests, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us. In the event of a successful claim of infringement or misappropriation against us, we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from commercializing certain tests, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our cash position and business and financial condition.

        If licenses to third-party intellectual property rights are or become required for us to engage in our business, we may be unable to obtain them at a reasonable cost, if at all. Even if such licenses are available, we could incur substantial costs related to royalty payments for licenses obtained from third parties, which could negatively affect our gross margins. Moreover, we could encounter delays in the

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introduction of tests while we attempt to develop alternatives. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses on favorable terms could prevent us from commercializing tests, which could materially affect our ability to grow and thus adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Developments in patent law could have a negative impact on our business.

        We believe that naturally occurring DNA sequences should not be patentable, and we do not currently have any patents or patent applications directed to such sequences nor have we in-licensed such patents rights of any third party. In this regard, a few key cases involving diagnostic method claims and "gene patents" have recently been decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. On March 20, 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision in Mayo Collaborative v. Prometheus Laboratories, or Mayo, a case involving patent claims directed to optimizing on a patient-specific basis the dosage of a certain drug by measuring its metabolites in a patient. In Mayo, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that patent claims directed at detection of natural correlations, such as the correlation between drug metabolite levels in a patient and that drug's optimal dosage for such patient, are not eligible for patent protection. The Mayo Court held that claims based on this type of comparison between an observed fact and an understanding of that fact's implications represent attempts to patent a natural law and, moreover, when the processes for making the comparison are not themselves sufficiently inventive, claims to such processes are similarly patent-ineligible. On June 13, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, or Myriad, a case brought by multiple plaintiffs challenging the validity of certain patent claims held by Myriad relating to the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. In Myriad, the U.S. Supreme Court held that genomic DNAs that have been isolated from, or have the same sequence as, naturally occurring samples, such as the DNA constituting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or fragments thereof, are not eligible for patent protection. Instead, the Myriad Court held that only those complementary DNAs, or cDNAs, which have a sequence that differs from a naturally occurring fragment of genomic DNA may be patent eligible. Because it will be applied by other courts to all gene patents, the holding in Myriad also invalidates patent claims to other genes and gene variants. On June 19, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank (2014), or Alice, where it amplified its Mayo and Myriad decisions and clarified the analytical framework for distinguishing between patents that claim laws of nature, natural phenomena and abstract ideas and those that claim patent-eligible applications of such concepts. According to the Alice Court, the analysis depends on whether a patent claim directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon or an abstract idea contains additional elements, an "inventive concept," that "is 'sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself" (citing Mayo).

        Although we view the Mayo, Myriad and Alice cases as aligned with our belief that naturally occurring DNA sequences should not be patentable, it is possible that subsequent determinations by the U.S. Supreme Court or other federal courts could limit, alter or potentially overrule the holdings of such cases. Moreover, from time to time the U.S. Supreme Court, other federal courts, the United States Congress or the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, may change the standards of patentability, and any such changes could run contrary to, or otherwise be inconsistent with, our belief that naturally occurring DNA sequences should not be patentable.

        We cannot fully predict what impact the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in Mayo, Myriad and Alice may have on the ability of various third parties, including competitors with substantial resources, to obtain or enforce patents relating to genes, genomic discoveries or genetic testing services currently or in the future. The Mayo, Myriad and Alice decisions are relatively new, and the precise contours of patent eligibility with respect to claims to laws of nature, natural phenomena or abstract ideas are not yet fully settled and may take many years to develop, including through further interpretation in the courts. There are many patents claiming testing methods based on similar or related correlations that

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issued before Mayo, and although some or many of these patents may be invalid under the standard set forth in Mayo, until successfully challenged, these patents may be entitled to a presumption of validity and enforceability in litigation, and certain third parties could allege that we infringe, or request that we obtain a license to, these patents. Whether based on patents issued prior to or after Mayo, we could have to defend ourselves against claims of patent infringement, or choose to license rights, if available, under patents claiming such methods. Moreover, although the U.S. Supreme Court has held in Myriad that isolated genomic DNA is not patent-eligible subject matter, certain third parties could allege that activities that we may undertake infringe other classes of gene-related patent claims, and we could have to defend ourselves against these claims by asserting non-infringement or invalidity positions, or pay to obtain a license to these claims. In any of the foregoing or in other situations involving third-party intellectual property rights, if we are unsuccessful in defending against claims of patent infringement, we could be forced to pay damages or be subjected to an injunction that would prevent us from utilizing the patented subject matter in question if we are unable to obtain a license on reasonable terms. Such outcomes could materially affect our ability to offer our tests and have a material adverse impact on our business. Even if we are able to obtain a license or successfully defend against claims of patent infringement, the cost and distraction associated with the defense or settlement of these claims could have a material adverse impact on our business.

        With respect to our own patent protection, recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of any patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any patents that issue. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art, may affect patent litigation and switch the U.S. patent system from a "first-to-invent" system to a "first-to-file" system. Under a "first-to-file" system, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. The USPTO has developed new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, including in particular the first- to-file provisions, became effective on March 16, 2013. Among other changes to the patent laws are features that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and that provide opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any patents that issue, all of which could harm our business and financial condition. In addition, further patent reform legislation may pass in the future that could lead to additional uncertainties and increased costs surrounding the prosecution, enforcement and defense of patent applications and any patents we may obtain.

Our inability to effectively protect our proprietary technologies, including the confidentiality of our trade secrets, could harm our competitive position.

        We currently rely upon trade secret protection and copyright, as well as non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third-parties, and to a limited extent patent protection, to protect our confidential and proprietary information. Although our competitors have utilized and are expected to continue utilizing similar methods and have aggregated and are expected to continue to aggregate similar databases of genetic testing information, our success will depend upon our ability to develop proprietary methods and databases and to defend any advantages afforded to us by such methods and databases relative to our competitors. If we do not protect our intellectual property adequately, competitors may be able to use our methods and databases and thereby erode any competitive advantages we may have.

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        We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. In this regard, we have applied, and we intend to continue applying, for patents covering such aspects of our technologies as we deem appropriate. However, we expect that potential patent coverage we may obtain will not be sufficient to prevent substantial competition. In this regard, we believe it is probable that others will independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design around technologies for which we may obtain patent protection. In addition, any patent applications we file may be challenged and may not result in issued patents or may be invalidated or narrowed in scope after they are issued. Questions as to inventorship or ownership may also arise. Any finding that our patents or applications are unenforceable could harm our ability to prevent others from practicing the related technology, and a finding that others have inventorship or ownership rights to our patents and applications could require us to obtain certain rights to practice related technologies, which may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. If we initiate lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, or litigate against third party claims, which would be expensive, and, if we lose, we may lose some of our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, these lawsuits may divert the attention of our management and technical personnel.

        We expect to rely primarily upon trade secrets and proprietary know-how protection for our confidential and proprietary information, and we have taken security measures to protect this information. These measures, however, may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets, know-how, or other confidential information. Among other things, we seek to protect our trade secrets and confidential information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees and consultants. There can be no assurance that any confidentiality agreements that we have with our employees and consultants will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets and confidential information or will provide adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information. Accordingly, there also can be no assurance that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive, and time- consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

        The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant challenges in establishing and enforcing their proprietary rights outside of the United States. These challenges can be caused by the absence of rules and methods for the establishment and enforcement of intellectual property rights outside of the United States. In addition, the legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to healthcare. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents, if obtained, or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition,

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changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of intellectual property.

Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

        We employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or genetic testing, diagnostic or other healthcare companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or consultants have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Further, we may be subject to ownership disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

        On September 16, 2015, GeneDx, Inc. and Bio-Reference Laboratories, Inc. filed an action against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Complaint alleges that Invitae wrongfully solicited and hired employees away from the plaintiffs in order to acquire access to trade secrets and other confidential business information belonging to the plaintiffs. The Complaint alleges claims for relief based on legal theories of unfair competition, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, tortious interference with contract, and trade secret misappropriation, and seeks injunctive relief; damages, including punitive damages; and attorneys' fees and costs. On October 22, 2015, we filed a motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction and, in the alternative, to transfer the action to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On November 13, 2015, the plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint. On December 14, 2015, we responded by again filing a motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction and, in the alternative, to transfer the action to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The parties are negotiating the exchange of information regarding the issue of personal jurisdiction, and have extended the plaintiffs' deadline to respond to the motion pending the outcome of that negotiation. The current due date for the plaintiffs' response is March 21, 2016. We believe the action is without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.

Risks related to being a public company

We will incur increased costs and demands on management as a result of compliance with laws and regulations applicable to public companies, which could harm our operating results.

        As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, impose a number of requirements on public companies, including with respect to corporate governance practices. The SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require our compliance. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive-compensation-related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance and disclosure obligations. If these

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requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other aspects of our business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, these rules and regulations applicable to public companies will substantially increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, require that we hire additional personnel and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We also expect that it will be more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our reported financial information and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

        We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and, beginning with our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2015, provide a management report on our internal control over financial reporting. If we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We have only recently compiled the system and process documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We will need to maintain and enhance these processes and controls as we grow and we may require additional personnel and resources to do so.

        During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls, our management will be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Moreover, when we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that there are material weaknesses with respect to our internal controls or the level at which our internal controls are documented, designed, implemented or reviewed.

        If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or when we are no longer an emerging growth company, if our auditors were to express an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting because we had one or more material weaknesses, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial disclosures, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline. Internal control deficiencies could also result in the restatement of our financial results in the future.

We are an emerging growth company and may elect to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

        We are an emerging growth company, as defined under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2020, although if our revenue exceeds $1 billion in any fiscal year before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company as of the end of that fiscal year. In addition, if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our second fiscal quarter of any fiscal year before the end of that five-year period, we would cease to be an emerging growth company as of December 31 of that year. As an emerging growth company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to certain other public companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced financial statement and financial-related disclosures,

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reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirement of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and obtaining stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved by our stockholders. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on any of these exemptions. If investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure we may make, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Risks related to our common stock

Our stock price may be volatile, and you may not be able to sell shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid.

        Prior to our initial public offering in February 2015, there was no public market for our common stock, and an active and liquid public market for our stock may not develop or be sustained. In addition, the trading price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results;



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competition from existing tests or new tests that may emerge;



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announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations, or capital commitments;



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failure to meet or exceed financial estimates and projections of the investment community or that we provide to the public;



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issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts or changed recommendations for our stock;



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our focus on long term goals over short term results;



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the timing of our investments in the growth of our business;



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actual or anticipated changes in regulatory oversight of our business;



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additions or departures of key management or other personnel;



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disputes or other developments related to our intellectual property or other proprietary rights, including litigation;



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changes in reimbursement by current or potential payers; and



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general economic and market conditions.

        In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for stock of life sciences companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company's securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management's attention and resources.

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If securities or industry analysts issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock or do not publish research or reports about our company, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

        The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. Securities analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our company and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. The price of our common stock could also decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our common stock or issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business. If one or more equity research analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

Insiders will exercise significant control over our company and will be able to influence corporate matters.

        As of December 31, 2015, directors, executive officers, 5% or greater stockholders and their affiliates beneficially owned, in the aggregate, 81% of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, these stockholders will be able to exercise significant influence over all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or sale of our company or its assets. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring control of our company and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

        As of December 31, 2015, our total gross deferred tax assets were $60.7 million. Due to our lack of earnings history and uncertainties surrounding our ability to generate future taxable income, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The deferred tax assets were primarily comprised of federal and state tax net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Furthermore, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change," the corporation's ability to use its pre- change net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its future taxable income may be limited. In general, an "ownership change" occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by "5% shareholders" that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Our existing NOLs and tax credit carryovers may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, and if we undergo one or more ownership changes in connection with future transactions in our stock, our ability to utilize NOLs and tax credit carryovers could be further limited by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of certain net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards before their utilization. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

We have never paid dividends on our capital stock and we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

        We have never paid dividends on any of our capital stock and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the growth of our business. In addition, we may enter into credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that will restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. As a

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result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control and may affect the trading price of our common stock.

        Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:

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authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 20,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock;



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require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;



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specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, our chairman of the board, or our chief executive officer;



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establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;



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establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving staggered terms;



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provide that our directors may be removed only for cause;



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provide that vacancies on our board of directors may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; and



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require a super-majority of votes to amend certain of the above- mentioned provisions as well as to amend our bylaws generally.

        In addition, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law regulating corporate takeovers. Section 203 generally prohibits us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder subject to certain exceptions.

Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

        Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for:

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any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;



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any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders;



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any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law; or



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any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

        Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of our certificate of incorporation

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described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments.

        None.

ITEM 2.    Properties.

        Our corporate headquarters and laboratory operations are located in San Francisco, California, where we currently lease and occupy 7,795 square feet of laboratory and office space. The lease for our headquarters expires in August 2017, with a five-year extension at our option. Additionally, in a nearby building in San Francisco, we sublease 8,852 square feet of laboratory and office space under an agreement that expires in February 2017 and 24,536 square feet of office space under an agreement that expires in April 2017. We also lease 8,348 square feet of office space in Palo Alto, California pursuant to an agreement that expires in March 2020 and we lease additional facilities in Oakland, California, Cambridge Massachusetts and Santiago, Chile.

        In September 2015, we entered into a lease agreement for a new laboratory and headquarters of 103,213 square feet in San Francisco, California. This lease expires in July 2026 and we may renew the lease for an additional ten years. The lease term will commence when we take occupancy of the facility, which is expected to occur in the third quarter of 2016. We plan to sub-lease our existing San Francisco laboratory and office facilities once we take occupancy of our new headquarters facility.

        We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and that additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms if required.

ITEM 3.    Legal Proceedings.

        On September 16, 2015, GeneDx, Inc. and Bio-Reference Laboratories, Inc. filed an action against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Complaint alleges that we wrongfully solicited and hired employees away from the plaintiffs in order to acquire access to trade secrets and other confidential business information belonging to the plaintiffs. The Complaint alleges claims for relief based on legal theories of unfair competition, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, tortious interference with contract, and trade secret misappropriation, and seeks injunctive relief; damages, including punitive damages; and attorneys' fees and costs. On October 22, 2015, we filed a motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction and, in the alternative, to transfer the action to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. On November 13, 2015, the plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint. On December 14, 2015, we responded by again filing a motion to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction and, in the alternative, to transfer the action to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The parties are negotiating the exchange of information regarding the issue of personal jurisdiction, and have extended the plaintiffs' deadline to respond to the motion pending the outcome of that negotiation. The current due date for the plaintiffs' response is March 21, 2016. We believe the action is without merit and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.

        We are not a party to any other material legal proceedings on the date of this report. We may from time to time become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, and the resolution of any such claims could be material.

ITEM 4.    Mine Safety Disclosure.

        Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.    Market For Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters And Issuer Purchases Of Equity Securities.

        Our common stock has been publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "NVTA" since February 12, 2015. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange:

        On February 29, 2016, the closing price of our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange was $8.63 per share.

        As of February 29, 2016, there were 35 stockholders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.

Dividend policy

        We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, the terms of our Loan Agreement prohibit the payment of dividends.

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Stock performance graph

        The following information shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC, or subject to Regulations 14A or 14C under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act") or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.

        Comparison of Historical Cumulative Total Return Among Invitae Corporation, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Healthcare Index(*).

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(*)

The above graph shows the cumulative total stockholder return of an investment of $100 in cash from February 12, 2015 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange) through December 31, 2015 for: (i) our common stock; (ii) the S&P 500 Index; and (iii) the S&P 500 Healthcare Index. All values assume reinvestment of the full amount of all dividends. The comparisons in the table are required by the SEC and are not intended to be forecasts or indicative of future stockholder returns.

Use of proceeds

        On February 18, 2015, we completed an initial public offering, or IPO, of our common stock. In connection with the IPO, we issued and sold 7,302,500 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $16.00 per share. As a result of the IPO, we received approximately $116.8 million in gross proceeds, and $105.7 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $8.2 million and offering expenses of approximately $2.9 million payable by us. We registered the shares under the Securities Act of 1933 on a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-201433), which was declared effective on February 11, 2015, and on a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-202040), which was declared effective on February 11, 2015. The net proceeds from the offering described above have been used and will be used to support our operations including funding research and development, selling and marketing activities, capital expenditures and corporate and administrative expenses. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on February 12, 2015 pursuant to Rule 424(b).

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ITEM 6.    Selected Financial Data.

        The information set forth below should be read together with "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2013 and 2012 and the selected consolidated statement of operations data for the year ended December 31, 2012 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.

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ITEM 7.    Management's Discussion And Analysis Of Financial Condition And Results Of Operations.

        The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included in Item 8 of this report. Historic results are not necessarily indicative of future results.

Business overview

        Our mission is to bring comprehensive genetic information into mainstream medical practice to improve the quality of healthcare for billions of people. Our goal is to aggregate most of the world's genetic tests into a single service with higher quality, faster turnaround time and lower pricing than many single gene tests today. By aggregating large numbers of currently available genetic tests into a single service, we can achieve great economies of scale that allow us to not only provide primary single gene or multi-gene tests but also to generate and store additional genetic information on behalf of the patient for future use. We refer to the service of managing genetic information over the course of disease or the lifetime of a patient as "genome management." In addition, as more individuals gain access to their genetic information, we believe that sharing genetic information will provide an economic opportunity for patients and us to participate in advancing the understanding and treatment of disease.

        We launched our first commercial offering in November 2013 with an offering of more than 200 genes. In October 2015, we expanded our test menu with more than 600 genes in production, offering tests for more than 120 disorders in cardiovascular, hereditary cancer, neurology, pediatrics and other rare diseases. These important additions to our test menu were the result of a series of process improvements that enabled us to further expand our test menu throughout the course of 2015 while maintaining our strategy of lowering the cost of genetic testing.

        We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 our revenue was $8.4 million, $1.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 we incurred net losses of $89.8 million, $47.5 million and $24.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $175.0 million. We also increased our number of employees to 280 at December 31, 2015 from 162 on December 31, 2014. Our sales force grew to 26 at December 31, 2015 from 12 at December 31, 2014.

        Since our commercial launch, we have delivered approximately 22,800 billable tests as of December 31, 2015. Sales of our tests have grown significantly from approximately 3,600 billable tests in the year ended December 31, 2014 to approximately 19,000 billable tests in the year ended

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December 31, 2015, which we believe is evidence that our value proposition is attractive to our clients. We estimate that the U.S. market for hereditary cancer tests is greater than $650.0 million per year and thus represents a key growth opportunity for us. On a historical basis through December 31, 2015, approximately 30% of the billable tests we performed have been billable to institutions and patients, and the remainder have been billable to third-party payers. Many of the gene tests on our assay are tests for which private insurers reimburse. However, because we do not have reimbursement policies or contracts with very many private insurers, our claims for reimbursement from them may be denied upon submission, and we must appeal the claims. The appeals process is time consuming and expensive, and may not result in payment. Even if we are successful in achieving reimbursement, we may be paid at lower rates than if we were under contract with the third-party payer. When there is not a contracted rate for reimbursement, there is typically a greater co-insurance or co-payment requirement from the patient which may result in further delay or decreased likelihood of collection.

        We intend to continue to invest aggressively in our business and to incur additional expenditures as a public company. In 2015 we entered into a lease agreement for a laboratory and headquarters in San Francisco, California. This lease expires in July 2026 and aggregate future minimum lease payments for the new facility are approximately $72.0 million. We will receive a $5.2 million lease incentive in the form of reimbursement of payments from the landlord for a portion of the costs of leasehold improvements we make to the laboratory and headquarters facility. We expect to incur capital expenditures for the laboratory and headquarters facility of at least $5.2 million.

        As a result of these and other factors, we expect to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future and may need to raise additional capital in order to fund our operations. If we are unable to achieve our revenue growth objectives and successfully manage our costs, we may not be able to achieve profitability.

        We believe that the keys to our future growth will be to steadily increase the amount of genetic content we offer, consistently improve the client experience, drive physician and patient utilization of our website for ordering and delivery of results, increase the number of partners working with us to add value for our clients and consistently drive down the price per gene for genetic analysis and interpretation.

Factors affecting our performance

Ability to lower the costs associated with performing our tests

        Reducing the costs associated with performing our genetic tests is both a near-term focus and a strategic objective of ours. Over the long term we will need to reduce the cost of raw materials by improving the output efficiency of our assay and laboratory processes, modifying our platform-agnostic assay and laboratory processes to use materials and technologies that provide equal or greater quality at lower cost, improving how we manage our materials and negotiating favorable terms for our materials purchases. We also intend to design and implement hardware and software tools that will reduce personnel cost for both laboratory and clinical operations by increasing personnel efficiency and thus lowering labor costs per test.

Ability to expand our genetic content

        As we reduce our costs, we intend to continue to expand our test menus by steadily releasing additional genetic content for the same or lower prices per test, ultimately leading to affordable whole genome services. The breadth and flexibility of our offering will be a critical factor in our ability to address new markets for genetic testing services. Both of these will be critical to our ability to continue to grow the volume of billable tests we deliver.

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Number of billable tests

        The growth in our genetic testing business is tied to the number of tests for which we bill third-party payers, institutions or patients, which we refer to as billable tests. We bill for our services following delivery of the billable test report derived from testing samples and interpreting the results. We incur the expenses associated with a test in the period in which the test is processed regardless of when payment is received with respect to that test. We believe the number of billable tests in any period is an important indicator of the growth in our business.

Success obtaining reimbursement

        Our ability to increase the number of billable tests and our revenue will depend in part on our success achieving broad reimbursement coverage for our tests from third-party payers. Reimbursement may depend on a number of factors, including a payer's determination that a test is appropriate, medically necessary and cost-effective. Because each payer makes its own decision as to whether to establish a policy or enter into a contract to reimburse for our testing services, seeking these approvals is a time-consuming and costly process. In addition, clinicians may decide not to order our tests if the cost of the test is not covered by insurance. Because we require an ordering physician to requisition a test, our revenue growth also depends on our ability to successfully promote the adoption of our testing services and expand our base of ordering clinicians. We believe that establishing coverage from third-party payers, including the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, is an important factor in gaining adoption by ordering clinicians. We have received approval as a Medicare provider, which allows us to bill for our services to Medicare patients. Further we have entered into reimbursement contracts with Blue Shield of California, SelectHealth, Capital Health Plan of Florida and Ohio State Health Plan. In October, 2015, we entered into a National Master Business Agreement (the "Agreement") with Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association ("BCBSA"). The Agreement facilitates our ability to enter into supply agreements for our products and services with BCBSA affiliates, licensees and certain other entities. The Agreement does not provide for the sale of our products or services directly, nor is there any commitment by BCBSA to purchase products or services from us. If we are not able to obtain and maintain adequate reimbursement from third-party payers for our testing services and expand the base of clinicians ordering our tests, we may not be able to effectively increase the number of billable tests or our revenue.

Investment in our business and timing of expenses

        We plan to continue to invest significantly in our genetic testing, genome management and genome network business. We deploy state-of-the-art and costly technologies in our genetic testing services, and we intend to significantly scale our infrastructure, including our testing capacity and information systems. We also expect to incur software development costs as we seek to further automate our laboratory processes and our genetic interpretation and report sign-out procedures, to scale our customer service capabilities and to expand the functionality of our website. As part of our growth, we also plan to hire additional personnel, including software engineers, sales and marketing personnel, research and development personnel, medical specialists, biostatisticians and geneticists. We will also incur costs to build out our new laboratory. In addition, we expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company. The expenses we incur may vary significantly by quarter, as we focus on building out different aspects of our business.

How we recognize revenue

        Our historical revenue has been recognized when cash is received. While we recognized $0.4 million of revenue on an accrual basis in 2015, we do not expect to recognize significant amounts of revenue on an accrual basis for some period of time. Until we achieve and maintain a predictable pattern of collection at a consistent payment amount from a large number of payers, we will continue

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to recognize the substantial majority of our revenue when cash is received. Additionally, as we commercialize new test offerings, we will need to achieve a predictable pattern of collection at a consistent payment amount for each payer for each new product offering prior to being able to recognize the related test revenue on an accrual basis. Because the timing and amount of cash payments received from payers is difficult to predict, we expect that our revenue will fluctuate significantly in any given quarter. We anticipate that the number of payers for whom we recognize revenue upon delivery of test results will increase in the future.

        For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, amounts billed for tests delivered totaled $24.3 million, $6.6 million and $0.3 million, respectively. In 2015, we recognized revenue, when cash was received, of $6.6 million related to amounts billed for tests delivered during 2015 and $1.4 million related to amounts billed for tests delivered during 2014. It is difficult to predict future revenue from previously delivered but unpaid tests. Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurance as to when, if ever, or to what extent any of these amounts will be collected. Because we are in the early stages of commercializing our tests, we have had limited payment and collection history. Notwithstanding our efforts to obtain payment for these tests, payers may deny our claims, in whole or in part, and we may never receive revenue from any previously delivered but unpaid tests. Revenue from these tests, if any, may not be equal to the billed amount due to a number of factors, including differences in reimbursement rates, the amounts of patient co-payments, the existence of secondary payers and claims denials.

        We incur and recognize expenses for tests in the period in which the test is conducted and recognize revenue for tests in the period in which our revenue recognition criteria are met. Accordingly, any revenue that we receive in respect of previously delivered but unpaid tests will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods.

Financial overview

Revenue

        We generate revenue from the sale of our tests which provide the analysis and associated interpretation of the sequencing of parts of the genome. Clients are billed upon delivery of test results to the physician. For most of our customers, we do not have sufficient history of collection and are not yet able to determine a predictable pattern of collection, and therefore we currently recognize revenue when cash is received. Our ability to increase our revenue will depend on our ability to increase our market penetration, obtain contracted reimbursement coverage from third-party payers and increase the rate at which we are paid for tests performed.

Cost of revenue

        Cost of revenue reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering test results to clinicians and includes expenses for materials and supplies, personnel costs, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing and allocated overhead including rent, equipment depreciation and utilities. Costs associated with performing our test are recorded as the patient's sample is processed regardless of whether and when revenue is recognized with respect to that test. As a result, our cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue may vary significantly from period to period because we generally do not recognize revenue in the period in which costs are incurred. We expect cost of revenue to generally increase in line with the increase in the number of tests we perform. However, we expect that the cost per test will decrease over time due to the efficiencies we may gain as test volume increases and from automation and other cost reductions.

Operating expenses

        Our operating expenses are classified into three categories: research and development, selling and marketing, and general and administrative. For each category, the largest component is personnel costs,

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which include salaries, employee benefit costs, bonuses, commissions, as applicable, and stock-based compensation expense.

Research and development

        Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to develop our technology and future tests. These costs are principally for process development associated with our efforts to expand the number of genes we can evaluate in our tests, with our efforts to lower the cost of performing our test. In addition, we incur process development costs to further develop the software we use to operate our laboratory, analyze the data it generates, process customer orders, deliver reports and automate our business processes. These costs consist of personnel costs, laboratory supplies and equipment expenses, consulting costs and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities.

        We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. We expect our research and development expenses will increase slightly over the next 12 months as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to developing additional tests and reducing testing costs.

Selling and marketing

        Selling and marketing expenses consist of personnel costs, client service expenses, direct marketing expenses, educational and promotional expenses, market research and analysis, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities. We expect our selling expenses will increase over the next 12 months, primarily driven by the cost of hiring additional sales account executives associated with efforts to further penetrate the domestic market.

General and administrative

        General and administrative expenses include executive, finance and accounting, legal and human resources functions. These expenses include personnel-related costs, audit and legal expenses, consulting costs, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities. We expect our general and administrative expenses will increase over the next 12 months as we scale our operations and as we continue to incur expenses related to operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administration and professional services.

Other income (expense), net

        Other income (expense), net, primarily consists of interest income and the net exchange gain/loss on foreign currency transactions related to the operations of our subsidiary in Chile.

Interest expense

        Interest expense is attributable to our financing obligations under capital lease agreements and our Loan and Security Agreement, all executed in connection with the purchase of laboratory equipment.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

        Management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the

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reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.

Revenue recognition

        We generate revenue from delivery of test reports generated from our assay of over 600 genes. Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the fee is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. The assessment of the fixed or determinable nature of the fees charged for testing performed and the collectability of those fees require significant judgment by management. When evaluating these criteria, we consider whether we have sufficient history to reliably estimate a payer's payment pattern. We review the number of tests paid against the number of tests billed over a period of at least several months and the payer's outstanding balance for unpaid tests to determine whether payments are being made at a consistently high percentage of tests billed and at appropriate amounts given the amount billed. For most payers, we have not been able to demonstrate a predictable pattern of collectability, and therefore recognize revenue when payment is received. For payers who have demonstrated a consistent pattern of payment of tests billed at appropriate amounts, we recognize revenue upon delivery of test results.

Deferred tax assets

        We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. We assess the likelihood that the resulting deferred tax assets will be realized. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

        As of December 31, 2015, our total gross deferred tax assets were $60.7 million. Due to our lack of earnings history and uncertainties surrounding our ability to generate future taxable income, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The deferred tax assets were primarily comprised of federal and state tax net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Utilization of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to historical or future ownership percentage change rules provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of certain net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards before their utilization.

Stock-based compensation

        Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the date of grant, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognized as an expense over the employee's requisite service period on a straight-line basis. We estimate the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

        We account for stock-based compensation arrangements with non-employees using a fair value approach. The fair value of these options is measured using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model reflecting the same assumptions as applied to employee options in each of the reported periods, other than the expected life, which is assumed to be the remaining contractual life of the option. The

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compensation expenses of these arrangements are subject to remeasurement over the vesting terms as earned.

        We recorded stock-based compensation expense of $3.5 million, $1.0 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. As of December 31, 2015, we had $14.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 3.3 years.

        The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include:

        Expected term—The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We used the simplified method to determine the expected term, which is based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term.

        Expected volatility—Since we were privately held up to our initial public offering in February 2015 and did not have any trading history for our common stock, the expected volatility was estimated based on the average volatility for comparable publicly traded life sciences, including molecular diagnostics, companies over a period equal to the expected term of the stock option grants. When selecting comparable publicly traded life sciences, including molecular diagnostics, companies on which we based our expected stock price volatility, we selected companies with comparable characteristics to us, including enterprise value, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of the stock-based awards. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies' shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the stock-based awards. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available.

        Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of an option.

        Dividend yield—We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

        In addition to the Black-Scholes assumptions, we estimate our forfeiture rate based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the adequacy of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior, and other factors. The impact from any forfeiture rate adjustment would be recognized in full in the period of adjustment and if the actual number of future forfeitures differs from our estimates, we might be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation in future periods.

        Historically, for all periods prior to our initial public offering, the fair values of the shares of common stock underlying our share-based awards were estimated on each grant date by our board of directors. In order to determine the fair value of our common stock underlying option grants, our board of directors considered, among other things, contemporaneous valuations of our common stock prepared by an independent third-party valuation firm in accordance with the guidance provided by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Given the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, our board of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered a number of objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of the fair value of our common stock, including our stage of development; progress of our research and development efforts; our operating and financial performance, including our levels of available capital resources; the rights, preferences and privileges of our convertible preferred stock relative to those of our common stock; sales of our convertible preferred stock in arms'-length transactions; the valuation of publicly traded companies in our industry, as well as recently completed mergers and acquisitions of peer companies; equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; and the lack of marketability of our common stock.

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        In determining a fair value for our common stock, we estimated the enterprise value of our business using the market approach or option pricing back-solve method. The estimated enterprise value is then allocated to the common stock using the Option Pricing Method, or OPM, and the Probability Weighted Expected Return Method, or PWERM, or the hybrid method. The hybrid method applied the PWERM utilizing the probability of two public offering exit scenarios with a low and high value, and the OPM was utilized in the remaining private scenario.

        For valuations after the completion of our initial public offering, our board of directors determines the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the date of grant.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Revenue

        The increase in revenue of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 was due to increased test volume, which resulted in increased cash collections. Approximately $7.0 million of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2015 was from cash collections for tests delivered in 2015. In addition, we recorded $0.4 million of revenue in 2015 on an accrual basis.

Cost of revenue

        Cost of revenue increased principally as a result of increased test volume. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the number of billed test results delivered increased to approximately 19,000 from approximately 3,600 for the same period in 2014.

        The increase in the cost of revenue of $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 was primarily due to costs associated with increased testing activities. Reagent and laboratory materials costs increased by $4.2 million and personnel costs increased by $4.1 million due to the increase in headcount and increased time spent processing revenue-generating tests. In addition, costs associated with the use of equipment increased by $1.6 million and allocated technology and facilities-related expenses increased by $0.5 million.

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Research and development

        The increase in research and development expenses of $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 was primarily driven by costs related to the continued development of our assay platform. Personnel costs increased by $9.3 million reflecting additional headcount, and allocated technology and facilities-related expenses increased by $5.5 million due to the expansion of our operations. In addition, outside consultant costs increased by $2.8 million, principally for alternative research and development projects, costs of reagents and laboratory materials increased by $1.7 million and costs associated with the use of testing and other equipment increased by $1.0 million.

Selling and marketing

        The increase in selling and marketing expenses of $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 was due primarily to increased personnel costs of $6.5 million, reflecting additional headcount, an increase of $2.9 million as the result of our expansion and an increase in marketing collaborations costs of $1.3 million. Outside consultant costs increased by $0.7 million, and costs associated with trade show-related expenses increased by $0.6 million. Other costs, including focus groups and online advertising, increased by $0.9 million and costs associated with software and software licenses increased by $0.7 million.

General and administrative

        The increase in general and administrative expenses of $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $4.2 million and an increase in travel costs of $0.4 million, both reflecting increased headcount. Professional services costs increased by $1.4 million, principally for recruitment and public relations services, and billings and collection costs increased by $0.8 million reflecting increased revenue activities. Costs associated with operating as a public company increased by $0.6 million. In addition, external accounting and audit fees increased by $0.4 million due principally to costs incurred in the first quarter related to the 2014 annual audit. The effect of these cost increases was partially offset by a $2.9 million decrease in allocated technology and facilities-related expenses reflecting increased allocations of costs to research and development and sales and marketing in 2015 due to increased headcount and activities in those departments. In addition, legal costs decreased by $2.0 million primarily due to the dismissal of the Myriad litigation in the first quarter of 2015.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

Revenue

        Revenue increased $1.5 million, or 984%, in the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. The increase is due to an increase in the adoption of our test, which resulted in an increase in cash collections during 2014. Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013 resulted from an early access program we offered beginning in the first quarter of 2013.

Cost of revenue

        Cost of revenue increased $5.0 million, or 743%, in the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. This increase was primarily due to a $3.2 million increase in costs of reagents, laboratory materials and test validation costs and a $1.5 million increase in personnel costs related to the increase in headcount. The number of billed test results delivered increased to approximately 3,600 for the year ended December 31, 2014 from over 200 for the same period in 2013.

Research and development

        Research and development expenses increased $6.0 million, or 38%, for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. The increase was primarily driven by a $4.1 million increase in personnel costs related to the increase in headcount, a $1.4 million increase in allocated facilities- related expenses due to the expansion of our operations into two additional locations and a $0.5 million increase in costs of laboratory materials and laboratory equipment maintenance.

Selling and marketing

        Selling and marketing expenses increased $6.2 million, or 257%, for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. The increase was due to a $3.7 million increase in personnel costs and travel related expenses due to the increase in headcount, a $1.0 million increase in conferences, marketing activities and trade show-related expenses, a $0.8 million increase in consulting fees incurred in connection with various marketing and branding activities, and a $0.6 million increase related to an increase in allocated technology and facilities related expenses as the result of our office expansion.

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General and administrative

        General and administrative expenses increased $6.8 million, or 119%, for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. The increase was due to a $2.5 million increase in legal costs incurred primarily related to the Myriad litigation matter, a $2.1 million increase in personnel costs resulting from an increase in headcount, a $1.0 million increase in professional services to support our increasing infrastructure as we expanded our operations and prepared to become a public company and a $1.0 million increase related to an increase in allocated technology and facilities related expenses as the result of our office expansion.

Liquidity and capital resources

Liquidity and capital expenditures

        We have incurred net losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we had net losses of $89.8 million, $47.5 million and $24.8 million, respectively, and we expect to incur additional losses in the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $175.0 million. To date, we have generated only limited revenue, and we may never achieve revenue sufficient to offset our expenses.

        Since inception, our operations have been financed primarily by net proceeds of $202.3 million from sales of our convertible preferred stock and net proceeds of approximately $105.7 million from our initial public offering. In addition, we have entered into various capital lease agreements for an aggregate financing amount of $8.2 million from inception through December 31, 2015 to obtain laboratory equipment. The terms of the capital leases are typically three years. Interest rates for currently outstanding capital leases range from 3.8% to 4.3% and the leases are secured by the underlying equipment.

        In July 2015, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement, or Loan Agreement with a bank under which term loans for purchases of equipment up to an aggregate of $15.0 million are available in tranches not to exceed $2.0 million, other than the initial $2.5 million tranche on the date of the Loan Agreement. We may request additional tranches to finance the purchase of equipment through December 31, 2016, subject to certain restrictions. The term loans under the Loan Agreement bear interest at a floating rate equal to 0.25% below the prime rate as published in the Wall Street Journal effective on the date the change in the prime rate becomes effective. We are required to repay the outstanding principal and accrued but unpaid interest on each tranche in equal monthly installments beginning one month after each advance and ending on July 17, 2020, or the Term Date. Any then-unpaid principal and interest on advances under the Loan Agreement are payable on the Term Date. We may, at our option, prepay the borrowings by paying the Bank a prepayment premium. At December 31, 2015, we had borrowed a total of $7.5 million under the loan agreement and our outstanding balance payable to the lender at December 31, 2015 was $7.0 million. Our obligations under the Loan Agreement are subject to covenants, including covenants to maintain a minimum liquidity level with the bank, and additional covenants limiting our ability to dispose of assets, undergo a change in control, merge with or acquire other entities, incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends or other distributions to holders of our capital stock, repurchase stock and make investments, in each case subject to certain exceptions. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement. Our obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by a security interest on substantially all of our assets, excluding our intellectual property and certain other assets.

        We anticipate our capital expenditures in 2016 will be approximately $5.6 million and will be funded principally by advances under the Loan Agreement and reimbursement for a portion of the costs of leasehold improvements we plan to make to our new laboratory and headquarters facility. See Note 5, "Commitments and contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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        As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had $127.0 million and $107.0 million, respectively, of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities.

        Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations as we continue to grow our business. Cash used to fund operating expenses is affected by the timing of when we pay expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses.

        We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015 will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, we may in the future elect to finance operations by selling equity or debt securities. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If additional funding is required, there can be no assurance that additional funds will be available to us on acceptable terms on a timely basis, if at all, or that we will generate sufficient cash from operations to adequately fund our operating needs or sustain profitability. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate sufficient cash from operations to adequately fund our operations, we will need to curtail planned activities to reduce costs. Doing so will likely have an unfavorable effect on our ability to execute on our business plan.

        The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

Cash flows from operating activities

        For the year ended December 31, 2015, cash used in operating activities of $80.7 million principally resulted from our net loss of $89.8 million offset by non-cash charges of $5.3 million for depreciation and amortization, $3.5 million for stock-based compensation and $0.6 million for amortization of premiums on marketable securities. The net effect on cash of changes in net operating assets was $0.3 million.

        For the year ended December 31, 2014, cash used in operating activities was $42.4 million. The net cash outflow from operations primarily resulted from our net loss of $47.5 million offset by non-cash charges of $2.3 million for depreciation and amortization, and $1.0 million for stock-based compensation. The change in net operating assets of $1.7 million was primarily due to an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $4.5 million due to the growth in our business, partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses of $1.9 million related to an increase in prepaid equipment maintenance fees and software license fees of $0.5 million and an increase in laboratory materials of $1.4 million, and an increase in other assets of $0.4 million primarily related to security deposits on our new office leases.

        For the year ended December 31, 2013, cash used in operating activities of $23.0 million primarily resulted from our net loss of $24.8 million offset by $0.9 million for depreciation and amortization and non-cash charges of $0.3 million for stock-based compensation. The increase in net operating assets of $0.6 million was primarily due to the $1.0 million increase in payables to suppliers and partially offset

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by the increase in prepaid expenses of $0.4 million mainly related to the increase in tenant incentive receivables due from the landlord of our new office.

Cash flows from investing activities

        For the year ended December 31, 2015, cash used in investing activities of $65.6 million was primarily due to purchases of marketable securities exceeding proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities by $54.4 million and purchases of property and equipment of $6.5 million. In addition, restricted cash increased by $4.7 million due to deposits for our new facility lease executed in September 2015 and compensating balances for our Loan Agreement executed in July 2015.

        For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, cash used in investing activities of $6.7 million and $4.6 million, respectively, was primarily due to purchases of property and equipment.

Cash flows from financing activities

        Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $112.4 million consisted primarily of $107.1 million of net proceeds from our initial public offering completed in February 2015 and borrowings of $7.5 million under the Loan Agreement executed in July 2015, partially offset by payments of $2.0 million on our capital lease obligations and loan payments of $0.4 million.

        Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $113.1 million was primarily from $115.7 million in net proceeds from the issuance of convertible preferred stock, partially offset by payments of $1.5 million related to our initial public offering and payments of $1.4 million on our capital lease obligations.

        In 2013, we generated $48.9 million from financing activities primarily resulting from $49.8 million in net proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock. These cash inflows were partially offset by payments of $1.0 million on our capital lease obligations.

Contractual obligations

        The following table summarizes our contractual obligations, including interest, as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

        In September 2015, we entered into a lease agreement for a laboratory and headquarters in San Francisco, California. This lease expires in July 2026. In March 2015, we leased additional space in San Francisco and Oakland, California. The leases expire in April and June 2017, respectively. In April 2015, we leased additional space in Cambridge, Massachusetts; this lease expires in January 2018. See Note 5, "Commitments and contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

        In July 2015 we entered into the Loan Agreement to provide financing for future capital expenditures up to $15.0 million through December 2016. See Note 5, "Commitments and contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Off-balance sheet arrangements

        We have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements and do not have any holdings in variable interest entities.

Recent accounting pronouncements

        See "Recent accounting pronouncements" in Note 1, "Organization and description of business" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements not yet adopted, and their expected effect on our financial position and results of operations.

ITEM 7A.    Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

        We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily relate to interest rates. We had equipment financing loan obligations of $7.0 million as of December 31, 2015, which result from loans for purchases of laboratory equipment pursuant to the Loan Agreement. These loans carry variable rates of interest. We had capital lease obligations of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2015, which result from various capital lease agreements to obtain laboratory equipment. Our capital lease obligations carry fixed rates of interest. We had cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $127.0 million as of December 31, 2015, which consisted of bank deposits, money market funds, U.S treasury notes, and U.S. government agency securities. Such interest-bearing instruments carry a degree of risk; however because our investments are primarily short-term in duration, we have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our financial statements.

        We face foreign exchange risk as a result of entering into transactions denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars (Chilean peso). Due to the uncertain timing of expected payments in foreign currencies, we do not utilize any forward exchange contracts. All foreign transactions settle on the applicable spot exchange basis at the time such payments are made. An adverse movement in foreign exchange rates could have a material effect on payments made to foreign suppliers and for license agreements. A hypothetical 10% change in foreign exchange rates during any of the periods presented would not have had a material impact on our financial statements.

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ITEM 8.    Financial Statements And Supplementary Data.

Invitae Corporation
Index to Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Invitae Corporation

        We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Invitae Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

        We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

        In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Invitae Corporation at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Redwood City, California
March 10, 2016

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Consolidated Balance Sheets

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Operations

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2015

1. Organization and description of business

        Invitae Corporation (the "Company") was incorporated in the state of Delaware on January 13, 2010, as Locus Development, Inc. and changed its name to Invitae Corporation in 2012. The Company utilizes an integrated portfolio of laboratory processes, software tools and informatics capabilities to process DNA-containing samples, analyze information about patient-specific genetic variation and generate test reports for clinicians and their patients. The Company's laboratory is located in San Francisco, California. The Company's current product is an assay of over 600 genes that can be used for multiple indications. The test includes multiple genes associated with hereditary cancer, neurological disorders, cardiovascular disorders and other hereditary conditions. The Company operates in one segment.

Initial Public Offering

        In February 2015, the Company completed an initial public offering ("IPO") of its common stock. In connection with its IPO, the Company sold 7,302,500 shares of common stock at $16.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $105.7 million after underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. This includes the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 952,500 additional shares of common stock at the same price to cover over-allotments. Upon the closing of the IPO, all shares of convertible preferred stock then outstanding converted into 23,521,889 shares of common stock.

        Upon the effectiveness of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company on February 12, 2015, the number of shares of capital stock the Company is authorized to issue was increased to 420,000,000 shares, of which 400,000,000 shares are common stock and 20,000,000 shares are preferred stock. Both the common stock and preferred stock have a par value of $0.0001 per share. There are no shares of preferred stock outstanding at December 31, 2015.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Principles of consolidation

        The Company's consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

        The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company believes judgment is involved in determining revenue recognition; the recoverability of long-lived assets; the fair value of the Company's common stock prior to the IPO; stock-based compensation expense; and income tax uncertainties. The Company bases these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

Concentrations of credit risk and other risks and uncertainties

        Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are held by financial institutions in the United States and Chile. Such deposits may exceed federally insured limits.

        As of December 31, 2015, substantially all of the Company's revenue has been derived from sales of its assays. Significant customers are those which represent 10% or more of the Company's total revenue for each year presented on the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For each significant customer, revenue as a percentage of total revenue are as follows:

Cash equivalents

        The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarily of amounts invested in money market funds and U.S government agency securities.

Marketable securities

        All marketable securities have been classified as "available-for-sale" and are carried at estimated fair value as determined based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of its marketable securities in debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. Short-term marketable securities have maturities less than 365 days as of the balance sheet date. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in interest and other income (expense), net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. Interest on marketable securities is included in interest and other income (expense), net.

Restricted cash

        Restricted cash consists of money market funds that serve as: collateral for a security deposit for the Company's lease agreement for a laboratory and headquarters entered into in September 2015; collateral for a credit card agreement at one of the Company's financial institutions; and for securing a letter of credit as collateral for the Company's Cambridge Massachusetts facility sublease agreement.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

Internal-use software

        The Company capitalizes third-party costs incurred in the application development stage to design and implement internal-use software. Maintenance and training costs relating to internal-use software are expensed as incurred. Capitalized internal-use software costs are recorded as property and equipment and are amortized over estimated useful lives of up to three years on a straight line basis. Amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs is recorded as sales and marketing expense.

        During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company capitalized $1.5 million, $550,000 and $250,000, respectively, of internal-use software development costs. Internal-use software amortization was $718,000, $152,000, and zero, in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The carrying value of capitalized internal-use software at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $1.4 million and $648,000, respectively. The weighted average useful life of capitalized internal-use software at December 31, 2015 was 13 months.

Deferred offering costs

        Deferred offering costs, which primarily consist of direct incremental legal, accounting and other fees relating to the IPO, were initially capitalized. As of December 31, 2014, the Company capitalized $1.9 million of deferred offering costs in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The deferred offering costs were subsequently offset against IPO proceeds upon the closing of the IPO in February 2015.

Leases

        The Company rents its facilities under operating lease agreements and recognizes related rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Some of the lease agreements contain rent holidays, scheduled rent increases, lease incentives, and renewal options. Rent holidays and scheduled rent increases are included in the determination of rent expense to be recorded over the lease term. Lease incentives are recognized as a reduction of rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Renewals are not assumed in the determination of the lease term unless they are deemed to be reasonably assured at the inception of the lease. The Company recognizes rent expense beginning on the date it obtains the legal right to use and control the leased space.

Property and equipment

        Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally between three and seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the lease. Amortization expense of assets acquired through capital leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements and betterments are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period realized.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

        The useful lives of the property and equipment are as follows:

Long-lived assets

        The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the total estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. Impairment, if any, would be assessed using discounted cash flows or other appropriate measures of fair value. The Company has not recorded an impairment of any long-lived assets during any of the periods presented.

Fair value of financial instruments

        The Company's financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable, capital leases and debt relating to equipment financing. The carrying amounts of certain of these financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, and accounts payable, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. Based on borrowing rates available to us, the carrying value of capital leases approximates fair value.

        See Note 4, "Fair value measurements" for further information on the fair value of the Company's financial instruments.

Revenue recognition

        Revenue is generated from the sale of tests that provide analysis and associated interpretation of the sequencing of parts of the genome. Revenue associated with subsequent re-requisition services was de minimis for all periods presented.

        Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the fee is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. The criterion for whether the fee is fixed or determinable and whether collectability is reasonably assured are based on management's judgments. When evaluating collectability, in situations where contracted reimbursement coverage does not exist, the Company considers whether the Company has sufficient history to reliably estimate a payer's individual payment patterns. The Company reviews the number of tests paid against the number of tests billed over at least several months of payment history and the payer's outstanding balance for unpaid tests to determine whether payments are being made at a consistently high percentage of tests billed and at appropriate amounts given the amount billed. For most payers, the Company has not been able to demonstrate a predictable pattern of collectability, and

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

therefore recognizes revenue when payment is received. For payers who have demonstrated a consistent pattern of payment of tests billed at appropriate amounts, the Company recognizes revenue, at estimated realizable amounts, upon delivery of test results.

Cost of revenue

        Cost of revenue reflects the aggregate costs incurred in delivering the genetic testing results to clinicians and includes expenses for personnel costs including stock-based compensation, materials and supplies, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with testing and allocated overhead including rent, equipment depreciation and utilities. Costs associated with performing the Company's test are recorded as the test is processed regardless of whether and when revenue is recognized with respect to that test.

Research and development

        Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred. Research and development costs include, but are not limited to, payroll and personnel- related expenses, stock-based compensation expense, reagents and laboratory supplies, consulting costs, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities.

Income taxes

        The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Stock-based compensation

        The Company measures its stock-based payment awards made to employees and directors based on the estimated fair values of the awards and recognizes the compensation expense over the requisite service period. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of its stock-based awards. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the straight-line method. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest. As such, the Company's stock-based compensation is reduced for the estimated forfeitures at the date of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

        The Company accounts for compensation expense related to stock options granted to non-employees based on the fair values estimated using the Black-Scholes model. Stock options granted to non-employees are remeasured at each reporting date until the award is vested.

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

Foreign currency transactions

        The Company uses the U.S. dollar as its functional currency for its subsidiary in Chile. Foreign currency assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the end of period exchange rates except for nonmonetary assets and liabilities, which are remeasured using historical exchange rates. Expenses are remeasured using an average exchange rate for the respective period. Gains or losses from foreign currency transactions are included in other income (expense), net, on the consolidated statements of operations. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been significant to the consolidated financial statements for all periods presented.

Comprehensive loss

        Comprehensive loss is composed of two components: net loss and other comprehensive loss. Other comprehensive loss refers to gains and losses that under U.S. GAAP are recorded as an element of stockholders' equity(deficit), but are excluded from net loss. The Company's other comprehensive loss consists of unrealized gains and losses on investments in available-for-sale securities.

Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders

        Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive securities consisting of convertible preferred stock, options to purchase common stock and restricted stock units are considered to be common stock equivalents and were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would be antidilutive for all periods presented. Common shares subject to repurchase are excluded from weighted-average shares. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; 4,659, 23,903 and 54,407 shares subject to repurchase, respectively, are excluded from the basic loss per share calculation.

Recent accounting pronouncements

        In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date. Lessor accounting under ASU 2016-02 is largely unchanged. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. Under ASU 2016-02, lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases) must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected

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INVITAE CORPORATION

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

2. Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

an implementation date nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

        In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes. The amendments in this update require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The Company has elected to early adopt ASU 2015-17 as of December 31, 2015. Because the net deferred tax assets have been offset by a valuation allowance and the deferred tax liabilities were not material no deferred tax assets or liabilities were disclosed in prior years in the classified balance sheet and therefore this early adoption has no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements for the periods presented.

        In April, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. ASU 2015-03 simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs and requires debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the debt liability instead of as an asset. ASU 2015-03 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2015 and early adoption is permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2015-03 in the second quarter of 2015 and the adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

        In May, 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09"), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. ASU 2014-09 will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. In August, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU 2015-14 defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for public business entities by one year to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Therefore, the new standard will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2018 and early application is permitted for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2017. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected an implementation date or a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

        In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15 (Subtopic 205- 40), Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern ("ASU 2014-15"), which provides guidance about management's responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosure. ASU 2014-15 will be effective in the fourth quarter of 2016. Early application is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have an effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

3. Balance sheet components

Cash equivalents and marketable securities

        The following is a summary of cash equivalents and marketable securities (in thousands).

 

        The following table summarizes the available-for-sale securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2015, having been in such a position for less than 12 months, and none having been deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired (in thousands):

        None of the available-for-sale securities held as of December 31, 2015 has been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than one year. As of December 31, 2015, unrealized losses on available-for-sale investments are not attributed to credit risk and are considered to be temporary. The Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that investments in an unrealized loss position will be held until maturity or the recovery of the cost basis of the investment. To date, the Company has not

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

3. Balance sheet components (Continued)

recorded any impairment charges on marketable securities related to other-than-temporary declines in market value.

        At December 31, 2015, the remaining contractual maturities of available-for-sale securities were less than one year. For the year ended December 31, 2015, realized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities were de minimis. There were no available-for-sale marketable securities held by the Company at December 31, 2014.

Property and equipment, net

        Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

        Included in the construction-in-progress balance as of December 31, 2014 was $2.9 million of capital lease equipment that had not been placed in service. Depreciation and amortization expense was $5.3 million, $2.3 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Accrued liabilities

        Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

4. Fair value measurements

        Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. The carrying amounts of certain of the Company's financial instruments, including cash equivalents, and accounts payable, are valued at cost, which approximates fair value due to their short maturities. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The authoritative guidance establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity.

        The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows:

Level 1—Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2—Observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-derived valuations whose significant inputs are observable.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions.

        The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company's consolidated financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

 

        The Company's debt securities of U.S. government agency entities are classified as Level 2 as they are valued based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets. Where applicable these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

4. Fair value measurements (Continued)

obtained from various third party data providers, including but not limited to, benchmark yields, interest rate curves, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and reference data.

        There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the periods presented.

        The fair value of the Company's outstanding debt is estimated using the net present value of the payments, discounted at an interest rate that is consistent with market interest rates, which is a Level 2 input. The carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the Company's outstanding debt at December 31, 2015, and 2014, are as follows (in thousands):

5. Commitments and contingencies

Operating Leases

        Through December 31, 2014,the Company had entered into various non-cancelable operating lease agreements for office and laboratory facilities located in California with lease periods expiring between 2016 and 2020 and for laboratory space in Santiago, Chile with a lease term expiring in 2017. In March 2015, the Company leased additional space in San Francisco and Oakland, California. The leases expire in April and June 2017, respectively. In April 2015 the Company leased additional space in Cambridge, Massachusetts; this lease expires in January 2018. Some of the lease agreements include scheduled rent increases over the terms of the leases. Rent increases, including the impact of rent holidays and leasehold improvement allowances from landlords, are recognized as deferred rent and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the original lease.

        In September 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a laboratory and headquarters in San Francisco, California. This lease expires in July 2026 and the Company may renew the lease for an additional ten years. The Company has determined the lease term to be a ten-year period expiring in 2026. The lease term commenced when the Company took occupancy of the facility in the first quarter of 2016. In connection with the execution of the lease, the Company provided a security deposit of approximately $4.6 million which is included in restricted cash in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Minimum annual rent under the lease is subject to increases based on stated rental adjustment terms. In addition, per the terms of the lease, the Company will receive a $5.2 million lease incentive in the form of reimbursement from the landlord for a portion of the costs of leasehold improvements the Company makes to the facility. The assets purchased with the lease incentive will be included in property and equipment, net in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and the lease incentive will be recognized as a reduction of rental expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. At December 31, 2015, none of the incentive had been utilized by the Company. At December 31, 2015, aggregate future minimum lease payments for the new facility are approximately $72.0 million.

        In addition to the security deposit of approximately $4.6 million for the new laboratory and headquarters facility, the Company has provided security deposits of $1.5 million and $1.4 million as of

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

December 31, 2015

5. Commitments and contingencies (Continued)

December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, as collateral for other leases, which are included in other assets in the Company's balance sheets.

        Future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2015 are as follows (in thousands):